return Collections.unmodifiableSet(inEdgeMap.keySet());
  }

  @Override
  public Set<E> outEdges() {
    return Collections.unmodifiableSet(outEdgeMap.keySet());
  }

  @Override
  public N adjacentNode(E edge) {
    // Since the reference node is defined to be 'source' for directed graphs,
    // we can assume this edge lives in the set of outgoing edges.

   * returns an arbitrary (but consistent) endpoint of the origin edge.
   */
  public final N nodeU() {
    return nodeU;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the node {@link #adjacentNode(Object) adjacent} to {@link #nodeU()} along the origin
   * edge. If this {@link EndpointPair} {@link #isOrdered()}, this is equal to {@link #target()}.
   */
  public final N nodeV() {
    return nodeV;
  }

  static final String NOT_AVAILABLE_ON_UNDIRECTED =
      "Cannot call source()/target() on a EndpointPair from an undirected graph. Consider calling "
          + "adjacentNode(node) if you already have a node, or nodeU()/nodeV() if you don't.";
  static final String EDGE_ALREADY_EXISTS = "Edge %s already exists in the graph.";
  static final String ENDPOINTS_MISMATCH =

    for (N node : nodes) {
      subgraph.addNode(node);
    }
    for (N node : subgraph.nodes()) {
      for (E edge : network.outEdges(node)) {
        N successorNode = network.incidentNodes(edge).adjacentNode(node);
        if (subgraph.nodes().contains(successorNode)) {
          subgraph.addEdge(node, successorNode, edge);
        }
      }
    }
    return subgraph;
  }

    for (N node : nodes) {
      subgraph.addNode(node);
    }
    for (N node : subgraph.nodes()) {
      for (E edge : network.outEdges(node)) {
        N successorNode = network.incidentNodes(edge).adjacentNode(node);
        if (subgraph.nodes().contains(successorNode)) {
          subgraph.addEdge(node, successorNode, edge);
        }
      }
    }
    return subgraph;
  }

  @Override
  public Set<N> adjacentNodes() {
    return Collections.unmodifiableSet(adjacentNodesMultiset().elementSet());
  }

  private Multiset<N> adjacentNodesMultiset() {
    Multiset<N> adjacentNodes = getReference(adjacentNodesReference);
    if (adjacentNodes == null) {
      adjacentNodes = HashMultiset.create(incidentEdgeMap.values());

    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();

    addNode(N1);
    Set<Integer> adjacentNodes = graph.adjacentNodes(N1);
    assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> adjacentNodes.add(N2));
    putEdge(N1, N2);
    assertThat(graph.adjacentNodes(N1)).containsExactlyElementsIn(adjacentNodes);
  }

  @Override
  @Test
  public void predecessors_checkReturnedSetMutability() {

    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();

    addNode(N1);
    Set<Integer> adjacentNodes = graph.adjacentNodes(N1);
    assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> adjacentNodes.add(N2));
    putEdge(N1, N2);
    assertThat(graph.adjacentNodes(N1)).containsExactlyElementsIn(adjacentNodes);
  }

  @Override
  @Test
  public void predecessors_checkReturnedSetMutability() {

    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();

    addNode(N1);
    Set<Integer> adjacentNodes = graph.adjacentNodes(N1);
    assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> adjacentNodes.add(N2));
    putEdge(N1, N2);
    assertThat(graph.adjacentNodes(N1)).containsExactlyElementsIn(adjacentNodes);
  }

  @Override
  @Test
  public void predecessors_checkReturnedSetMutability() {

  }

  @Override
  public Set<N> adjacentNodes() {
    return Collections.unmodifiableSet(adjacentNodeValues.keySet());
  }

  @Override
  public Set<N> predecessors() {
    return adjacentNodes();
  }

  @Override
  public Set<N> successors() {
    return adjacentNodes();
  }

  @Override
  public Iterator<EndpointPair<N>> incidentEdgeIterator(N thisNode) {