# Advanced Python Types { #advanced-python-types }

Here are some additional ideas that might be useful when working with Python types.

## Using `Union` or `Optional` { #using-union-or-optional }

If your code for some reason can't use `|`, for example if it's not in a type annotation but in something like `response_model=`, instead of using the vertical bar (`|`) you can use `Union` from `typing`.

    void testAllOptionImpliesPlugins() throws ParseException {
        // This test verifies that when --all is used, the logic should enable plugins
        // The actual logic is in BaseUpgradeGoal, but we can test the option parsing here
        String[] args = {"apply", "--all"};
        CommonsCliUpgradeOptions options = CommonsCliUpgradeOptions.parse(args);

        assertTrue(options.all().isPresent(), "--all option should be present");

        // there are bugs in various JVM that have problems doing this across
        // different filesystem. So we'll incur the small hit to actually copy
        // here and be safe. jvz.
        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

        try {
            Files.createDirectories(destination.toPath().getParent());

                if (currentArg != null) {
                    cleaned.add(currentArg.toString());
                }

                // start building an argument here.
                currentArg = new StringBuilder(arg.substring(1));
                addedToBuffer = true;
            }

            // this has to be a separate "if" statement, to capture the case of: "-Dfoo=bar"

# GraphQL { #graphql }

As **FastAPI** is based on the **ASGI** standard, it's very easy to integrate any **GraphQL** library also compatible with ASGI.

You can combine normal FastAPI *path operations* with GraphQL on the same application.

/// tip

**GraphQL** solves some very specific use cases.

It has **advantages** and **disadvantages** when compared to common **web APIs**.

  "http://localhost:8080/auth/admin/realms/{realm}/users/{userid}"
```

### Configure MinIO

```
export MINIO_ROOT_USER=minio
export MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD=minio123
minio server /mnt/export
```

Here are all the available options to configure OpenID connect

```
mc admin config set myminio/ identity_openid

KEY:
identity_openid  enable OpenID SSO support

ARGS:

                verifyPropertyValue(propertyKey, filteredValue); // null checked
                return filterPropertyAsDefault(filteredValue); // not null here
            }

            private String getFromCache(final String propertyKey) {
                try {
                    return cache.get(propertyKey, () -> {

        * A key `schema`, that has as the value the JSON Schema from the model, here's the correct place.
            * **FastAPI** adds a reference here to the global JSON Schemas in another place in your OpenAPI instead of including it directly. This way, other applications and clients can use those JSON Schemas directly, provide better code generation tools, etc.

///

///

Sonrasında bu Python programını çalıştırabilirsiniz:

//// tab | Linux, macOS, Windows Bash

<div class="termy">

```console
// Here we don't set the env var yet
$ python main.py

// As we didn't set the env var, we get the default value

Hello World from Python

// But if we create an environment variable first
$ export MY_NAME="Wade Wilson"

Tudo isso pode parecer abstrato. Não se preocupe. Você verá tudo isso em ação no [Tutorial - Guia do usuário](tutorial/index.md).

O importante é que, usando tipos padrão de Python, em um único local (em vez de adicionar mais classes, decoradores, etc.), o **FastAPI** fará muito trabalho para você.

/// info | Informação