## Detalles Técnicos { #technical-details }

Solo un detalle técnico para los nerds curiosos. 🤓

Por debajo, en la especificación técnica ASGI, esto es parte del <a href="https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/specs/lifespan.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">Protocolo de Lifespan</a>, y define eventos llamados `startup` y `shutdown`.

/// info | Información

{* ../../docs_src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001_py310.py hl[7:11,34:51] *}

/// tip

The `callback_url` query parameter uses a Pydantic <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/api/networks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Url</a> type.

///

The only new thing is the `callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes` as an argument to the *path operation decorator*. We'll see what that is next.

* 중첩 모델도 편집기 지원(자동완성 등)
* 데이터 변환
* 데이터 검증
* 자동 문서화

## 특별한 타입과 검증

`str`, `int`, `float` 등과 같은 단일 타입과는 별개로, `str`을 상속하는 더 복잡한 단일 타입을 사용할 수 있습니다.

모든 옵션을 보려면, <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic's exotic types</a> 문서를 확인하세요. 다음 장에서 몇가지 예제를 볼 수 있습니다.

예를 들어 `Image` 모델 안에 `url` 필드를 `str` 대신 Pydantic의 `HttpUrl`로 선언할 수 있습니다:

{* ../../docs_src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001_py310.py hl[7:11,34:51] *}

/// tip | Dica

O parâmetro de consulta `callback_url` usa um tipo Pydantic <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/api/networks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Url</a>.

///

A única novidade é o `callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes` como argumento do decorador da *operação de rota*. Veremos o que é isso a seguir.

		}
	}
	return extractedSignedHeaders, ErrNone
}

// Trim leading and trailing spaces and replace sequential spaces with one space, following Trimall()
// in http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-create-canonical-request.html
func signV4TrimAll(input string) string {
	// Compress adjacent spaces (a space is determined by
	// unicode.IsSpace() internally here) to one space and return

Abgesehen von normalen einfachen Typen wie `str`, `int`, `float`, usw. können Sie komplexere einfache Typen verwenden, die von `str` erben.

Um alle Optionen kennenzulernen, die Sie haben, schauen Sie sich <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantics Typübersicht</a> an. Sie werden einige Beispiele im nächsten Kapitel kennenlernen.

* <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/usage/pydantic_settings/" target="_blank"><code>pydantic-settings</code></a> - для управління налаштуваннями.
* <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/usage/types/extra_types/extra_types/" target="_blank"><code>pydantic-extra-types</code></a> - для додаткових типів, що можуть бути використані з Pydantic.

You can achieve that using <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/validators/#field-after-validator" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic's `AfterValidator`</a> inside of `Annotated`.

/// tip

Pydantic also has <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/validators/#field-before-validator" class="external-link" target="_blank">`BeforeValidator`</a> and others. 🤓

이를 위해 표준 Python 타입 힌트인 <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Union" class="external-link" target="_blank">`typing.Union`</a>을 사용할 수 있습니다:

/// note | 참고

<a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/#unions" class="external-link" target="_blank">`Union`</a>을 정의할때는 더 구체적인 타입을 먼저 포함하고, 덜 구체적인 타입을 그 뒤에 나열해야합니다. 아래 예제에서는 `Union[PlaneItem, CarItem]` 를 보면, 더 구체적인 `PlaneItem`이 `CarItem`보다 앞에 위치합니다.

///

* MinIO doesn't currently support PFX certificates.

### 3.1 Use `certgen` to Generate a Certificate

Download [`certgen`](https://github.com/minio/certgen/releases/latest) for your specific operating system and platform.

`certgen` is a simple *Go* tool to generate self-signed certificates, and provides SAN certificates with DNS and IP entries:

```sh