Iterator<? extends Iterator<? extends T>> inputs) {
    return new ConcatenatedIterator<>(inputs);
  }

  /** Concats a varargs array of iterators without making a defensive copy of the array. */
  static <T extends @Nullable Object> Iterator<T> concatNoDefensiveCopy(
      Iterator<? extends T>... inputs) {
    for (Iterator<? extends T> input : checkNotNull(inputs)) {

  public final <S extends @Nullable T> Equivalence<Iterable<S>> pairwise() {
    // Ideally, the returned equivalence would support Iterable<? extends T>. However,
    // the need for this is so rare that it's not worth making callers deal with the ugly wildcard.
    return new PairwiseEquivalence<>(this);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a predicate that evaluates to true if and only if the input is equivalent to {@code

 *       unnecessary; for example, {@code copyOf(copyOf(anArrayList))} should copy the data only
 *       once. This reduces the expense of habitually making defensive copies at API boundaries.
 *       However, the precise conditions for skipping the copy operation are undefined.
 *   <li><b>Warning:</b> a view collection such as {@link ImmutableMap#keySet} or {@link

///

FastAPI will now:

* **Validate** the data making sure that the max length is 50 characters
* Show a **clear error** for the client when the data is not valid
* **Document** the parameter in the OpenAPI schema *path operation* (so it will show up in the **automatic docs UI**)

It has the same fields as `HeroBase`, so it won't include `secret_name`.

Finally, the identity of our heroes is protected! 🥷

It also re-declares `id: int`. By doing this, we are making a **contract** with the API clients, so that they can always expect the `id` to be there and to be an `int` (it will never be `None`).

/// tip

      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
      exercising permissions granted by this License.

      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
      source, and configuration files.

      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical

thought Alice `without pictures or conversation?'

  So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could,
for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid), whether
the pleasure of making a daisy-chain would be worth the trouble
of getting up and picking the daisies, when suddenly a White
Rabbit with pink eyes ran close by her.

  There was nothing so VERY remarkable in that; nor did Alice

       * more information, see the comments in that class.
       *
       * We already know that that's how it behaves, and subclasses of Converter can't change that
       * behavior. So there's no sense in making all subclass authors exclude the method from any
       * NullPointerTester tests that they have.
       */
      ignoredMembers.add(Converter.class.getMethod("apply", Object.class));

Those two tasks are what **consume time the most**. That's the main work of maintaining FastAPI.

If you can help me with that, **you are helping me maintain FastAPI** and making sure it keeps **advancing faster and better**. 🚀

## Join the chat

                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
                exclude_none=exclude_none,
            )

        def __hash__(self) -> int:
            # Each ModelField is unique for our purposes, to allow making a dict from
            # ModelField to its JSON Schema.
            return id(self)

    def get_annotation_from_field_info(
        annotation: Any, field_info: FieldInfo, field_name: str
    ) -> Any: