@router.get("/{item_id}")
async def read_item(item_id: str):
    if item_id not in fake_items_db:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
    return {"name": fake_items_db[item_id]["name"], "item_id": item_id}


@router.put(
    "/{item_id}",
    tags=["custom"],
    responses={403: {"description": "Operation forbidden"}},
)
async def update_item(item_id: str):
    if item_id != "plumbus":

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
async def create_item(item: Item):
    """
    Create an item with all the information:

    - **name**: each item must have a name

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
async def create_item(item: Item):
    """
    Create an item with all the information:

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py39.py!}
```

O uso de `Optional[str]` em vez de apenas `str` permitirá que o editor o ajude a detectar erros, onde você pode estar assumindo que um valor é sempre um `str`, quando na verdade também pode ser `None`.

`Optional[Something]` é na verdade um atalho para `Union[Something, None]`, eles são equivalentes.

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py39.py!}
```

Usar `Optional[str]` en lugar de solo `str` te permitirá al editor ayudarte a detectar errores donde podrías estar asumiendo que un valor siempre es un `str`, cuando en realidad también podría ser `None`.

`Optional[Something]` es realmente un atajo para `Union[Something, None]`, son equivalentes.

Esto también significa que en Python 3.10, puedes usar `Something | None`:

from fastapi import FastAPI, status
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
async def create_item(item: Item):

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI, status
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
async def create_item(item: Item):

from typing import Annotated, Union

from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(
    *,
    item_id: int,
    item: Annotated[
        Item,
        Body(
            openapi_examples={

from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_db = {}


class Item(BaseModel):
    title: str
    timestamp: datetime
    description: Union[str, None] = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.put("/items/{id}")
def update_item(id: str, item: Item):
    json_compatible_item_data = jsonable_encoder(item)

        state["finally"] = True


@app.put("/invalid-user/{user_id}")
def put_invalid_user(
    user_id: str, name: str = Body(), db: dict = Depends(get_database)
):
    db[user_id] = name
    raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid user")


@app.put("/user/{user_id}")
def put_user(user_id: str, name: str = Body(), db: dict = Depends(get_database)):
    db[user_id] = name
    return {"message": "OK"}