To create a middleware you use the decorator `@app.middleware("http")` on top of a function.

The middleware function receives:

* The `request`.
* A function `call_next` that will receive the `request` as a parameter.
    * This function will pass the `request` to the corresponding *path operation*.
    * Then it returns the `response` generated by the corresponding *path operation*.

# Background Tasks - `BackgroundTasks`

You can declare a parameter in a *path operation function* or dependency function with the type `BackgroundTasks`, and then you can use it to schedule the execution of background tasks after the response is sent.

You can import it directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import BackgroundTasks
```

    }

    private void validateParameters() {
        if (min < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The min parameter cannot be negative.");
        }
        if (max < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The max parameter cannot be negative.");
        }
        if (max < min) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The length cannot be negative.");
        }
    }

    //                                  --------------------
    /**
     * Set the value of hostname, used in parameter comment. <br>
     * Even if empty string, treated as empty plainly. So "IF pmb != null" is false if empty.
     * @param hostname The parameter value of hostname. (NotNull)
     */
    public void setHostname(String hostname) {
        registerVariable("hostname", hostname);
    }

    /**
     * Authenticate arbitrary credentials represented by the
     * <code>NtlmPasswordAuthentication</code> object against the domain controller
     * specified by the <code>UniAddress</code> parameter. If the credentials are
     * not accepted, an <code>SmbAuthException</code> will be thrown. If an error
     * occurs an <code>SmbException</code> will be thrown. If the credentials are

        default:
            return "Unknown error: 0x" + Integer.toHexString(returnCode);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Encodes the witness RPC message parameters to NDR format.
     * Subclasses must implement this method to encode their specific parameters.
     *
     * @param buf the NDR buffer to encode into
     * @throws NdrException if encoding fails
     */

# `Response` class

You can declare a parameter in a *path operation function* or dependency to be of type `Response` and then you can set data for the response like headers or cookies.

You can also use it directly to create an instance of it and return it from your *path operations*.

You can import it directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import Response
```

import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;

/**
 * Tests for StaticJAASConfiguration.
 *
 * Coverage goals:
 * - Happy path with default and custom options.
 * - Null/empty/ignored name parameter handling.
 * - Null options edge case.
 * - Repeated calls equivalence and instance separation.
 * - Interaction check that passed options are not mutated.
 */
@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)

	ErrSTSMissingParameter: {
		Code:           "MissingParameter",
		Description:    "A required parameter for the specified action is not supplied.",
		HTTPStatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest,
	},
	ErrSTSInvalidParameterValue: {
		Code:           "InvalidParameterValue",
		Description:    "An invalid or out-of-range value was supplied for the input parameter.",
		HTTPStatusCode: http.StatusBadRequest,
	},
	ErrSTSWebIdentityExpiredToken: {

        byte[] dst = new byte[1024];

        // Initialize transaction buffer to avoid NPE
        transaction.setBuffer(new byte[SmbComTransaction.TRANSACTION_BUF_SIZE]);

        // Test parameter words wire format
        int paramWords = transaction.writeParameterWordsWireFormat(dst, 0);
        assertTrue(paramWords >= 0);

        // Test bytes wire format