* MockWebServer. In cases where logic is particularly tricky, we use unit tests. This class makes
 * it easy to get sample values to use in such tests.
 *
 * This class is pretty fast and loose with default values: it attempts to provide values that are
 * well-formed, but doesn't guarantee values are internally consistent. Callers must take care to
 * configure the factory when sample values impact the correctness of the test.
 */

    "tags": []
}
```

FastAPI is smart enough (actually, Pydantic is smart enough) to realize that, even though `description`, `tax`, and `tags` have the same values as the defaults, they were set explicitly (instead of taken from the defaults).

So, they will be included in the JSON response.

/// tip

Notice that the default values can be anything, not only `None`.

They can be a list (`[]`), a `float` of `10.5`, etc.

        } else {
          continue; // delete this entry; we already copied an earlier one for the same key
        }
      }
      newEntries[out++] = entry;
    }
    return newEntries;
  }

  /** Makes an entry usable internally by a new ImmutableMap without rereading its contents. */
  static <K, V> ImmutableMapEntry<K, V> makeImmutable(Entry<K, V> entry, K key, V value) {
    boolean reusable =

```
.
├── app                  # "app" is a Python package
│   ├── __init__.py      # this file makes "app" a "Python package"
│   ├── main.py          # "main" module, e.g. import app.main
│   ├── dependencies.py  # "dependencies" module, e.g. import app.dependencies
│   └── routers          # "routers" is a "Python subpackage"
│   │   ├── __init__.py  # makes "routers" a "Python subpackage"

* Convert the copied model to something that can be stored in your DB (for example, using the `jsonable_encoder`).
    * This is comparable to using the model's `.model_dump()` method again, but it makes sure (and converts) the values to data types that can be converted to JSON, for example, `datetime` to `str`.
* Save the data to your DB.
* Return the updated model.

//// tab | Python 3.10+

    //    were added to the queue. It's easily possible for one thread to take the head of the
    //    queue, immediately followed by another thread taking the next element in the queue. That
    //    second thread can then dispatch to the subscriber it took before the first thread does.
    //
    // All this makes me really wonder if there's any value in queueing here at all. A dispatcher

- the kubectl `--all-namespaces` flag is now honored by `kubectl wait` ([#81468](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/81468), [@ashutoshgngwr](https://github.com/ashutoshgngwr))
- `kubectl get -w` now takes an `--output-watch-events` flag to indicate the event type (ADDED, MODIFIED, DELETED) ([#72416](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/72416), [@liggitt](https://github.com/liggitt))

}

// Stat captures time taken to call os.Stat
func Stat(name string) (info os.FileInfo, err error) {
	defer updateOSMetrics(osMetricStat, name)(err)
	return os.Stat(name)
}

// Create captures time taken to call os.Create
func Create(name string) (f *os.File, err error) {
	defer updateOSMetrics(osMetricCreate, name)(err)
	return os.Create(name)
}

// Fdatasync captures time taken to call Fdatasync

So:

```Python
q: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None)
```

...makes the parameter optional, with a default value of `None`, the same as:

```Python
q: Union[str, None] = None
```

And in Python 3.10 and above:

```Python
q: str | None = Query(default=None)
```

...makes the parameter optional, with a default value of `None`, the same as:

```Python

- Health check of kube-controller-manager now includes each controller. ([#104667](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/104667), [@jiahuif](https://github.com/jiahuif))
- Integration testing now takes periodic Prometheus scrapes from the etcd server.