{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial005.py hl[6:7] *}

Здесь параметр запроса `needy` является обязательным параметром с типом данных  `str`.

Если вы откроете в браузере URL-адрес, например:

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo-item
```

...без добавления обязательного параметра `needy`, вы увидите подобного рода ошибку:

```JSON

	"reflect"
	"regexp"
	"strings"

	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
)

var embeddedCacheKey = "embedded_cache_store"

func ParseTagSetting(str string, sep string) map[string]string {
	settings := map[string]string{}
	names := strings.Split(str, sep)

	for i := 0; i < len(names); i++ {
		j := i
		if len(names[j]) > 0 {
			for {
				if names[j][len(names[j])-1] == '\\' {
					i++

from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")

        return groupId + ":" + artifactId + ":" + version;
    }

    private static void notBlank(String str, String message) {
        final int strLen = str != null ? str.length() : 0;
        if (strLen > 0) {
            for (int i = 0; i < strLen; i++) {
                if (!Character.isWhitespace(str.charAt(i))) {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        circuitBreaker.call(() -> "success");

        SimpleCircuitBreaker.Statistics stats = circuitBreaker.getStatistics();
        String str = stats.toString();

        assertNotNull(str);
        assertTrue(str.contains("test"));
        assertTrue(str.contains("CLOSED"));
        assertTrue(str.contains("100.00%"));
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test mixed success and failure pattern")

        item.setNewOutput("newOutput");

        String str = item.toString();
        assertTrue(str.contains("id=1"));
        assertTrue(str.contains("inputs=[a, b]"));
        assertTrue(str.contains("output=output"));
        assertTrue(str.contains("newInputs=[x, y]"));
        assertTrue(str.contains("newOutput=newOutput"));
    }

    public void test_toLineString_withoutUpdates() {

* 데이터 변환
* 데이터 검증
* 자동 문서화

## 특별한 타입과 검증

`str`, `int`, `float` 등과 같은 단일 타입과는 별개로, `str`을 상속하는 더 복잡한 단일 타입을 사용할 수 있습니다.

모든 옵션을 보려면, <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic's exotic types</a> 문서를 확인하세요. 다음 장에서 몇가지 예제를 볼 수 있습니다.

예를 들어 `Image` 모델 안에 `url` 필드를 `str` 대신 Pydantic의 `HttpUrl`로 선언할 수 있습니다:

   *
   * {@snippet :
   * static final Multimap<Character, String> FIRST_LETTER_MULTIMAP =
   *     Stream.of("banana", "apple", "carrot", "asparagus", "cherry")
   *         .collect(toImmutableSetMultimap(str -> str.charAt(0), str -> str.substring(1)));
   *
   * // is equivalent to
   *
   * static final Multimap<Character, String> FIRST_LETTER_MULTIMAP =
   *     new ImmutableSetMultimap.Builder<Character, String>()

Wenn es keinen `Authorization`-Header sieht, oder der Wert keinen `Bearer`-Token hat, antwortet es direkt mit einem 401-Statuscode-Error (`UNAUTHORIZED`).

Sie müssen nicht einmal prüfen, ob der Token existiert, um einen Fehler zurückzugeben. Seien Sie sicher, dass Ihre Funktion, wenn sie ausgeführt wird, ein `str` in diesem Token enthält.

   *
   * {@snippet :
   * static final Multimap<Character, String> FIRST_LETTER_MULTIMAP =
   *     Stream.of("banana", "apple", "carrot", "asparagus", "cherry")
   *         .collect(toImmutableSetMultimap(str -> str.charAt(0), str -> str.substring(1)));
   *
   * // is equivalent to
   *
   * static final Multimap<Character, String> FIRST_LETTER_MULTIMAP =
   *     new ImmutableSetMultimap.Builder<Character, String>()