Sie könnten das auf der obersten Ebene des Moduls/der Datei machen, aber das würde auch bedeuten, dass **das Modell geladen wird**, selbst wenn Sie nur einen einfachen automatisierten Test ausführen, dann wäre dieser Test **langsam**, weil er warten müsste, bis das Modell geladen ist, bevor er einen davon unabhängigen Teil des Codes ausführen könnte.

### Est-ce que la concurrence est mieux que le parallélisme ?

Nope ! C'est ça la morale de l'histoire.

            ArtifactRepository localRepository)
            throws RepositoryMetadataStoreException {
        // TODO currently this is first wins, but really we should take the latest by comparing either the
        // snapshot timestamp, or some other timestamp later encoded into the metadata.
        // TODO this needs to be repeated here so the merging doesn't interfere with the written metadata

///

## Gunicorn with Uvicorn Workers

**Gunicorn**主要是一个使用**WSGI标准**的应用服务器。 这意味着 Gunicorn 可以为 Flask 和 Django 等应用程序提供服务。 Gunicorn 本身与 **FastAPI** 不兼容，因为 FastAPI 使用最新的 **<a href="https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" class="external-link" target=" _blank">ASGI 标准</a>**。

但 Gunicorn 支持充当 **进程管理器** 并允许用户告诉它要使用哪个特定的 **worker类**。 然后 Gunicorn 将使用该类启动一个或多个 **worker进程**。

**Uvicorn** 有一个 Gunicorn 兼容的worker类。

def test_websocket_no_credentials():
    client = TestClient(app)
    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):
        with client.websocket_connect("/items/foo/ws"):
            pytest.fail(
                "did not raise WebSocketDisconnect on __enter__"
            )  # pragma: no cover


def test_websocket_invalid_data():
    client = TestClient(app)
    with pytest.raises(WebSocketDisconnect):

///

### <a href="https://flask-apispec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Flask-apispec</a>

C'est un plug-in pour Flask, qui relie Webargs, Marshmallow et APISpec.

Il utilise les informations de Webargs et Marshmallow pour générer automatiquement des schémas OpenAPI, en utilisant APISpec.

import pytest
from dirty_equals import IsDict
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from inline_snapshot import snapshot

from tests.utils import needs_py39, needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        "tutorial001",
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py39", marks=needs_py39),
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py310", marks=needs_py310),
        "tutorial001_an",

import pytest
from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Path
from fastapi.param_functions import Query
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from fastapi.utils import PYDANTIC_V2
from typing_extensions import Annotated

app = FastAPI()


def test_no_annotated_defaults():
    with pytest.raises(
        AssertionError, match="Path parameters cannot have a default value"
    ):

        @app.get("/items/{item_id}/")

```Python hl_lines="9-13  36-53"
{!../../docs_src/openapi_callbacks/tutorial001.py!}
```

/// tip

The `callback_url` query parameter uses a Pydantic <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/api/networks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Url</a> type.

///

The only new thing is the `callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes` as an argument to the *path operation decorator*. We'll see what that is next.

Чтобы увидеть все варианты, которые у вас есть, ознакомьтесь с документацией <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">по необычным типам Pydantic</a>. Вы увидите некоторые примеры в следующей главе.