```

The good news is, once you are on Python 3.10 you won't have to worry about that, as you will be able to simply use `|` to define unions of types:

{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009c_py310.py hl[1,4] *}

And then you won't have to worry about names like `Optional` and `Union`. 😎

#### Generic types { #generic-types }

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial004_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial004_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):
    mod = importlib.import_module(f"docs_src.query_params.{request.param}")

    client = TestClient(mod.app)
    return client

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial004_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial004_py310", marks=needs_py310),
        pytest.param("tutorial004_an_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial004_an_py310", marks=needs_py310),
        pytest.param(
            "tutorial004_regex_an_py310",
            marks=(

from inline_snapshot import snapshot

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial003_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial003_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):
    mod = importlib.import_module(f"docs_src.response_model.{request.param}")

    client = TestClient(mod.app)
    return client

Ви можете використовувати `jsonable_encoder` для цього.

Вона приймає об'єкт, такий як Pydantic model, і повертає його версію, сумісну з JSON:

{* ../../docs_src/encoder/tutorial001_py310.py hl[4,21] *}

У цьому прикладі вона конвертує Pydantic model у `dict`, а `datetime` у `str`.

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial005_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial005_py310", marks=needs_py310),
        pytest.param("tutorial005_an_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial005_an_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial002_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):
    mod = importlib.import_module(f"docs_src.response_model.{request.param}")

    client = TestClient(mod.app)
    return client

Para esses casos, você pode usar o `jsonable_encoder` para converter seus dados antes de repassá-los para a resposta:

{* ../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial001_py310.py hl[5:6,20:21] *}

/// note | Detalhes Técnicos

Você também pode utilizar `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`.

from inline_snapshot import snapshot

from tests.utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial002_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_py310", marks=[needs_py310]),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_an_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial002_an_py310", marks=[needs_py310]),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):

from inline_snapshot import snapshot

from tests.utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py310", marks=needs_py310),
        pytest.param("tutorial001_an_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial001_an_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):