def get_value_or_default(
    first_item: Union[DefaultPlaceholder, DefaultType],
    *extra_items: Union[DefaultPlaceholder, DefaultType],
) -> Union[DefaultPlaceholder, DefaultType]:
    """
    Pass items or `DefaultPlaceholder`s by descending priority.

    The first one to _not_ be a `DefaultPlaceholder` will be returned.

    Otherwise, the first item (a `DefaultPlaceholder`) will be returned.
    """

```Python hl_lines="4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial006.py!}
```

/// tip | "Astuce"

Ces types internes entre crochets sont appelés des "paramètres de type".

Ici, `str` est un paramètre de type passé à `List`.

///

Ce qui signifie : "la variable `items` est une `list`, et chacun de ses éléments a pour type `str`.

# Segurança - Primeiros Passos

Vamos imaginar que você tem a sua API **backend** em algum domínio.

E você tem um **frontend** em outro domínio ou em um path diferente no mesmo domínio (ou em uma aplicação mobile).

E você quer uma maneira de o frontend autenticar o backend, usando um **username** e **senha**.

Nós podemos usar o **OAuth2** junto com o **FastAPI**.

* declare the path parameter `item_id` using `Path`
* have them in a different order
* not use `Annotated`

...Python has a little special syntax for that.

Pass `*`, as the first parameter of the function.

* Es muss kein tatsächlicher Code vorhanden sein, da Ihre Anwendung diesen Code niemals aufruft. Sie wird nur zur Dokumentation der *externen API* verwendet. Die Funktion könnte also einfach `pass` enthalten.

	}

	// Validates fetching local address.
	for i, testCase := range testCases {
		_, err := checkURL(testCase.urlStr)
		if testCase.shouldPass && err != nil {
			t.Errorf("Test %d: expected to pass but got an error: %v\n", i+1, err)
		}
		if !testCase.shouldPass && err == nil {
			t.Errorf("Test %d: expected to fail but passed.", i+1)
		}
	}
}

// Testing dumping request function.

func (e *SelectStatement) Eval(input, output Record) (Record, error) {
	ok, err := e.isPassingWhereClause(input)
	if err != nil || !ok {
		// Either error or row did not pass where clause
		return nil, err
	}

	if e.selectAST.Expression.All {
		// Return the input record for `SELECT * FROM
		// .. WHERE ..`

		// Update count of records output.
		e.outputCount++

```Python hl_lines="34"
{!> ../../docs_src/body_updates/tutorial002.py!}
```

////

### Using Pydantic's `update` parameter

Now, you can create a copy of the existing model using `.model_copy()`, and pass the `update` parameter with a `dict` containing the data to update.

/// info

In Pydantic v1 the method was called `.copy()`, it was deprecated (but still supported) in Pydantic v2, and renamed to `.model_copy()`.

a secret with private.key and public.crt files and pass that here. Ref: https://github.com/minio/minio/tree/master/docs/tls/kubernetes#2-create-kubernetes-secret certSecret: "" publicCrt: public.crt privateKey: private.key ## Trusted Certificates Settings for MinIO. Ref: https://docs.minio.io/docs/how-to-secure-access-to-minio-server-with-tls#install-certificates-from-third-party-cas ## Bundle multiple trusted certificates into one secret and pass that here. Ref: https://github.com/minio/minio/tr...

a secret with private.key and public.crt files and pass that here. Ref: https://github.com/minio/minio/tree/master/docs/tls/kubernetes#2-create-kubernetes-secret certSecret: "" publicCrt: public.crt privateKey: private.key ## Trusted Certificates Settings for MinIO. Ref: https://docs.minio.io/docs/how-to-secure-access-to-minio-server-with-tls#install-certificates-from-third-party-cas ## Bundle multiple trusted certificates into one secret and pass that here. Ref: https://github.com/minio/minio/tr...