case 3:// Encrypted part
                ASN1Sequence encSequence = ASN1Util.as(ASN1Sequence.class, tagged);
                ASN1Integer encType = ASN1Util.as(ASN1Integer.class, ASN1Util.as(ASN1TaggedObject.class, encSequence, 0));
                DEROctetString encOctets = ASN1Util.as(DEROctetString.class, ASN1Util.as(ASN1TaggedObject.class, encSequence, 2));
                byte[] crypt = encOctets.getOctets();

/**
 * Tests for the {@link ASN1Util} class.
 */
class ASN1UtilTest {

    // --- as(Class, Object) ---

    @Test
    void testAs_Object_Success() throws PACDecodingException {
        // Test successful casting
        String expected = "test string";
        Object obj = expected;
        String result = ASN1Util.as(String.class, obj);
        assertSame(expected, result);
    }

    @Test

 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

        // Only mark the sessionSetup response as received, not the actual request/response
        doAnswer(invocation -> {
            ServerMessageBlock request = invocation.getArgument(0);
            ServerMessageBlock response = invocation.getArgument(1);
            // Only mark session setup responses as received, not our test request

To create a middleware you use the decorator `@app.middleware("http")` on top of a function.

The middleware function receives:

* The `request`.
* A function `call_next` that will receive the `request` as a parameter.
    * This function will pass the `request` to the corresponding *path operation*.
    * Then it returns the `response` generated by the corresponding *path operation*.

# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

* Handle cAdvisor partial failures ([#25933](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/25933), [@timstclair](https://github.com/timstclair))

 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

/*
 * © 2025 CodeLibs, Inc.
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

The `callback_url` query parameter uses a Pydantic <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/api/networks/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Url</a> type.

///

The only new thing is the `callbacks=invoices_callback_router.routes` as an argument to the *path operation decorator*. We'll see what that is next.

## Documenting the callback { #documenting-the-callback }

The actual callback code will depend heavily on your own API app.