Notice that the *path operations* define the models they use for request payload and response payload, using the models `Item` and `ResponseMessage`.

### API Docs { #api-docs }

If you go to `/docs`, you will see that it has the **schemas** for the data to be sent in requests and received in responses:

<img src="/img/tutorial/generate-clients/image01.png">

You can see those schemas because they were declared with the models in the app.

### Choosing between application and network interceptors

Each interceptor chain has relative merits.

**Application interceptors**

has-flag@^4.0.0:
  version "4.0.0"
  resolved "https://registry.yarnpkg.com/has-flag/-/has-flag-4.0.0.tgz#944771fd9c81c81265c4d6941860da06bb59479b"
  integrity sha512-EykJT/Q1KjTWctppgIAgfSO0tKVuZUjhgMr17kqTumMl6Afv3EISleU7qZUzoXDFTAHTDC4NOoG/ZxU3EvlMPQ==

has-symbols@^1.0.3:
  version "1.0.3"

{* ../../docs_src/custom_request_and_route/tutorial001.py hl[18:26] *}

/// note | Technical Details

A `Request` has a `request.scope` attribute, that's just a Python `dict` containing the metadata related to the request.

A `Request` also has a `request.receive`, that's a function to "receive" the body of the request.

The `scope` `dict` and `receive` function are both part of the ASGI specification.

      /*
       * requireNonNull is safe because:
       *
       * - This is a TrustedFuture, so tryInternalFastPathGetFailure will in fact return the failure
       *   cause if this Future has failed.
       *
       * - And this future *has* failed: This method is called only from handleException (through
       *   getOrInitSeenExceptions). handleException tried to call setException and failed, so

* For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, read the body as JSON:
    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`.
    * Check that it has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
    * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
    * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.

  /**
   * Returns a cleaned chain for [chain].
   *
   * This method throws if the complete chain to a trusted CA certificate cannot be constructed.
   * This is unexpected unless the trust root index in this class has a different trust manager than
   * what was used to establish [chain].
   */
  @Throws(SSLPeerUnverifiedException::class)
  override fun clean(
    chain: List<Certificate>,
    hostname: String,

Guava, the best approach is to create an [issue][] (or comment on an existing
issue if there is one) requesting the feature and describing specific use cases
for it.

If the feature has merit, it will go through a thorough process of API design
and review. Any code should come after this.

[APIs]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface
[issue]: https://github.com/google/guava/issues

  /**
   * Creates a new ArrayBasedUnicodeEscaper instance with the given replacement map and specified
   * safe range. If {@code safeMax < safeMin} then no code points are considered safe.
   *
   * <p>If a code point has no mapped replacement then it is checked against the safe range. If it
   * lies outside that, then {@link #escapeUnsafe} is called, otherwise no escaping is performed.
   *

  /**
   * Given a collection of exceptions, returns a {@link RuntimeException}, with the following rules:
   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>If {@code exceptions} has a single exception and that exception is a {@link
   *       RuntimeException}, return it
   *   <li>If {@code exceptions} has a single exceptions and that exceptions is not a
   *       {@link RuntimeException}, return a simple {@code RuntimeException} that wraps it