assertSame(sue, Iterables.getOnlyElement(getCausalChain(sue)));

    List<Throwable> causes = getCausalChain(ex);
    assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> causes.add(new RuntimeException()));
  }

  public void testGetCasualChainNull() {
    assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> getCausalChain(null));
  }

  public void testGetCasualChainLoop() {

    return !tooLow(t) && !tooHigh(t);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the intersection of the two ranges, or an empty range if their intersection is empty.
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("nullness") // TODO(cpovirk): Add casts as needed. Will be noisy and annoying...
  GeneralRange<T> intersect(GeneralRange<T> other) {
    checkNotNull(other);
    checkArgument(comparator.equals(other.comparator));

                if (ff != null && ff.accept(f) == false)
                    continue;
                if (files) {
                    list.add(f);
                } else {
                    list.add(name);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    FileEntry[] doDfsRootEnum() throws IOException {
        MsrpcDfsRootEnum rpc;

	// For hardrives it is possible to set this to a lower value to avoid any
	// spike in latency. But currently we are simply keeping it optimal for SSDs.

	// bigFileThreshold is the point where we add readahead to put operations.
	bigFileThreshold = 128 * humanize.MiByte

	// XL metadata file carries per object metadata.
	xlStorageFormatFile = "xl.meta"

- Add `DataSourceRef` alpha field to PVC spec, which allows contents other than `PVCs` and `VolumeSnapshots` to be data sources. ([#103276](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/103276), [@bswartz](https://github.com/bswartz))

 * @param <V> the type of mapped values used the maps under test
 * @author George van den Driessche
 */
// TODO: Descriptive assertion messages, with hints as to probable fixes.
// TODO: Add another constructor parameter indicating whether the class under test is ordered, and
// check the order if so.
// TODO: Refactor to share code with SetTestBuilder etc.
@GwtCompatible
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault

   */
  private static long timeoutSeconds() {
    // This class can make no hard guarantees.  The methods in this class are inherently flaky, but
    // we try hard to make them robust in practice.  We could additionally try to add in a system
    // load timeout multiplier.  Or we could try to use a CPU time bound instead of wall clock time
    // bound.  But these ideas are harder to implement.  We do not try to detect or handle a

            globalParams.put(START_URLS, textBuf.toString());
        } else if (labelType != null && COLLECTION.equalsIgnoreCase(qName)) {
            labelList.add(labelType);
            labelType = null;
        } else if (GLOBALPARAMS.equalsIgnoreCase(qName)) {
            final Object startUrls = globalParams.get(START_URLS);
            if (startUrls != null) {

   * Creates a {@code ObjectCountHashMap} instance, with a high enough "initial capacity" that it
   * <i>should</i> hold {@code expectedSize} elements without growth.
   *
   * @param expectedSize the number of elements you expect to add to the returned set
   * @return a new, empty {@code ObjectCountHashMap} with enough capacity to hold {@code
   *     expectedSize} elements without resizing
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expectedSize} is negative

# Simple OAuth2 with Password and Bearer

Now let's build from the previous chapter and add the missing parts to have a complete security flow.

## Get the `username` and `password`

We are going to use **FastAPI** security utilities to get the `username` and `password`.

OAuth2 specifies that when using the "password flow" (that we are using) the client/user must send a `username` and `password` fields as form data.