from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    full_name: str | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item, user: User, importance: int = Body()):

        return str(obj)
    if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, type(None))):
        return obj
    if isinstance(obj, PydanticUndefinedType):
        return None
    if isinstance(obj, dict):
        encoded_dict = {}
        allowed_keys = set(obj.keys())
        if include is not None:
            allowed_keys &= set(include)
        if exclude is not None:
            allowed_keys -= set(exclude)

この場合（`Annotated` を使わない場合）、関数内のデフォルト値 `None` を `Query()` に置き換える必要があるため、`Query(default=None)` のパラメータでデフォルト値を設定する必要があります。これは（少なくとも FastAPI にとっては）そのデフォルト値を定義するのと同じ目的を果たします。

なので:

```Python
q: str | None = Query(default=None)
```

...はデフォルト値 `None` を持つオプショナルなパラメータになり、以下と同じです:


```Python
q: str | None = None
```

ただし `Query` のバージョンでは、クエリパラメータであることを明示的に宣言しています。

def get_lang_paths() -> list[Path]:
    return sorted(docs_path.iterdir())


def lang_callback(lang: str | None) -> str | None:
    if lang is None:
        return None
    lang = lang.lower()
    return lang


def complete_existing_lang(incomplete: str):
    lang_path: Path
    for lang_path in get_lang_paths():

    return f"{client_id}_key"


def _get_client_tag(client_id: str | None = Query(None)) -> str | None:
    if client_id is None:
        return None
    return f"{client_id}_tag"


@app.get("/foo")
def foo_handler(
    client_key: str = Depends(_get_client_key),
    client_tag: str | None = Depends(_get_client_tag),
):
    return {"client_id": client_key, "client_tag": client_tag}

class CallableGenDependency:
    def __call__(self, value: str) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
        yield value


class AsyncCallableDependency:
    async def __call__(self, value: str) -> str:
        return value


class AsyncCallableGenDependency:
    async def __call__(self, value: str) -> AsyncGenerator[str, None]:
        yield value


class MethodsDependency:

Şimdi bunu FastAPI ile kullanmanın zamanı. 🚀

Şu tip anotasyonuna sahiptik:

```Python
q: str | None = None
```

Şimdi bunu `Annotated` ile saracağız; şöyle olacak:

```Python
q: Annotated[str | None] = None
```

Bu iki sürüm de aynı anlama gelir: `q`, `str` veya `None` olabilen bir parametredir ve varsayılan olarak `None`’dır.

Şimdi işin eğlenceli kısmına geçelim. 🎉

class User(BaseModel):
    username: str


def get_current_user(oauth_header: str | None = Security(api_key)):
    if oauth_header is None:
        return None
    user = User(username=oauth_header)
    return user


@app.get("/users/me")
def read_current_user(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
    if current_user is None:
        return {"msg": "Create an account first"}
    else:
        return current_user

例如，你可以宣告某個值可以是 `str` 或 `None`：

```python
from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
        print(f"Hi {name}!")
```

在 `typing` 中也有用 `Optional` 宣告某個值可以是 `None` 的速記法。

以下是我個人（非常主觀）的建議：

* 🚨 避免使用 `Optional[SomeType]`
* 改為 ✨ 使用 `Union[SomeType, None]` ✨。

    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]