Files.write(ASCII, temp1, UTF_8);
    assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Files.copy(temp1, temp2));
    assertEquals(ASCII, Files.toString(temp1, UTF_8));
  }

  public void testCopySameFile() throws IOException {
    File temp = createTempFile();
    Files.write(ASCII, temp, UTF_8);
    assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> Files.copy(temp, temp));
    assertEquals(ASCII, Files.toString(temp, UTF_8));

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.EnumSet;

/**
 * Tests for the default implementations of {@code ByteSink} methods.
 *
 * @author Colin Decker
 */
public class ByteSinkTest extends IoTestCase {

  private final byte[] bytes = newPreFilledByteArray(10000);

  private TestByteSink sink;

  @Override
  protected void setUp() throws Exception {
    sink = new TestByteSink();

  public void testMarkNotSet() {
    IOException expected = assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> counter.reset());
    assertThat(expected).hasMessageThat().isEqualTo("Mark not set");
  }

  public void testMarkNotSupported() {
    counter = new CountingInputStream(new UnmarkableInputStream());

    IOException expected = assertThrows(IOException.class, () -> counter.reset());

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.EnumSet;

/**
 * Tests for the default implementations of {@code ByteSink} methods.
 *
 * @author Colin Decker
 */
public class ByteSinkTest extends IoTestCase {

  private final byte[] bytes = newPreFilledByteArray(10000);

  private TestByteSink sink;

  @Override
  protected void setUp() throws Exception {
    sink = new TestByteSink();

        "disabled": False,
    }
}


class Token(BaseModel):
    access_token: str
    token_type: str


class TokenData(BaseModel):
    username: Union[str, None] = None


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str

 *       worse, and possibly better, than creating a mutable collection and copying it.
 *   <li>Implementations generally do not cache hash codes. If your element or key type has a slow
 *       {@code hashCode} implementation, it should cache it itself.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <h4>Example usage</h4>
 *
 * <pre>{@code
 * class Foo {

      this.map = newHashMap();
      this.unusableDelegate =
          (SetMultimap<K, V>)
              newProxyInstance(
                  SetMultimap.class.getClassLoader(),
                  new Class<?>[] {SetMultimap.class},
                  new InvocationHandler() {
                    @Override
                    public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args)

import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpSession;

public class SearchAction extends FessSearchAction {

    // ===================================================================================
    //                                                                            Constant
    //
    private static final Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger(SearchAction.class);

But you are not restricted to using some specific data model, class or type.

Do you want to have an `id` and `email` and not have any `username` in your model? Sure. You can use these same tools.

Do you want to just have a `str`? Or just a `dict`? Or a database class model instance directly? It all works the same way.

from typing import Union

from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing_extensions import Annotated

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(
    *,
    item_id: int,
    item: Annotated[
        Item,
        Body(