final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(256);
        buf.append(cause.getMessage()).append(" : [");
        SQLException next = cause.getNextException();
        while (next != null) {
            buf.append(MessageFormatter.getSimpleMessage("ECL0071", next.getMessage(), Integer.toString(next.getErrorCode()),
                    next.getSQLState())).append("], [");

        // Act & Assert: calling release without prior acquire drops usage below zero
        RuntimeException ex = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, trace::release);
        assertTrue(ex.getMessage() != null && ex.getMessage().contains("Usage count dropped below zero"));
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("getTreeId(): no tree returns -1")
    void getTreeId_noTree_returnsMinusOne() {
        // Arrange

            // Verify error message is clear and helpful
            assertNotNull(exception.getMessage());
            assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Expected structureSize = 4"));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should handle zero structure size")
        void testZeroStructureSize() {
            // Given

                            .setMessage("Malformed POM " + modelSource.getLocation() + ": " + e.getMessage())
                            .setException(e));
                } else {
                    problems.add(new ModelProblemCollectorRequest(Severity.WARNING, Version.V20)
                            .setMessage("Malformed POM " + modelSource.getLocation() + ": " + e.getMessage())
                            .setException(e));

        DcerpcException exception = new DcerpcException(errorCode);

        assertEquals(errorCode, exception.getErrorCode(), "Error code should match the input.");
        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("DCERPC_FAULT_ACCESS_DENIED"),
                "Message should contain the corresponding fault message.");
    }

    /**
     * Test constructor DcerpcException(int error) with an unknown error code.
     */

            fail("Should throw ScheduledJobException");
        } catch (ScheduledJobException e) {
            assertEquals("scheduledJob parameter is null. Cannot register a null job.", e.getMessage());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // Expected due to missing dependencies in test environment
            assertTrue(true);
        }
    }

    @Test

        assertEquals("Runtime error", runtimeEx.getMessage());

        // Test Exception
        Exception generalEx = new Exception("General error");
        assertEquals("General error", generalEx.getMessage());

        // Test with null message
        RuntimeException nullMessageEx = new RuntimeException();
        assertNull(nullMessageEx.getMessage());

        // Test with empty message

    void defaultConstructor_behavesAsExpected() {
        // Arrange & Act
        SMBProtocolDecodingException ex = new SMBProtocolDecodingException();

        // Assert state
        assertNull(ex.getMessage(), "Default constructor should have null message");
        assertNull(ex.getCause(), "Default constructor should have null cause");
        assertTrue(ex instanceof CIFSException, "Should be a CIFSException subtype");

        };

        try {
            errorHelper.getAvailableArtifacts(ArtifactType.DATA_STORE);
            fail("Expected PluginException");
        } catch (PluginException e) {
            assertTrue(e.getMessage().contains("Failed to access"));
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void test_getInstalledArtifacts_unknown() {
        Artifact[] artifacts = pluginHelper.getInstalledArtifacts(ArtifactType.UNKNOWN);

        PACDecodingException exception = assertThrows(PACDecodingException.class, () -> new PacCredentialType(null));
        assertEquals("Invalid PAC credential type", exception.getMessage());
    }

    /**
     * Tests the constructor with a byte array that is too large.
     */
    @Test
    void testConstructorWithDataTooLarge() {