if err = db.AutoMigrate(&City{}); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to migrate cities table, got error: %v", err)
	}

	err = db.Create(&City{Name: "Kabul"}).Error
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create record: %v", err)
	}

	err = db.Create(&City{Name: "Kabul"}).Error
	if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey) {
		t.Fatalf("expected err: %v got err: %v", gorm.ErrDuplicatedKey, err)
	}
}

		result := testCase.rules.Clone()

		if !reflect.DeepEqual(result, testCase.rules) {
			t.Fatalf("test %v: result: expected: %v, got: %v", i+1, testCase.rules, result)
		}

		result.Add(NewPattern(testCase.prefix, ""), testCase.targetID)
		if reflect.DeepEqual(result, testCase.rules) {
			t.Fatalf("test %v: result: expected: not equal, got: equal", i+1)
		}
	}
}

func TestRulesUnion(t *testing.T) {

func TestUpdateHasOne(t *testing.T) {
	user := *GetUser("update-has-one", Config{})

	if err := DB.Create(&user).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
	}

	user.Account = Account{Number: "account-has-one-association"}

	if err := DB.Save(&user).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("errors happened when update: %v", err)
	}

	var user2 User
	DB.Preload("Account").Find(&user2, "id = ?", user.ID)

	}

	err = DB.Model([1]*Product5{&p}).Update("name", "update_name_3").Error
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("should update success, but got err %v", err)
	}
	if beforeUpdateCall != 2 {
		t.Fatalf("before update should be called")
	}

	err = DB.Model([1]Product5{p}).Update("name", "update_name_4").Error
	if !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrInvalidValue) {

		t.Fatalf("should only find no pet with invalid conditions, but got %v", count)
	}

	// Count
	AssertAssociationCount(t, user, "Pets", 2, "")

	// Append
	pet := Pet{Name: "pet-has-many-append"}

	if err := DB.Model(&user2).Association("Pets").Append(&pet); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Error happened when append account, got %v", err)
	}

	if pet.ID == 0 {
		t.Fatalf("Pet's ID should be created")
	}

		if result != testCase.expectedResult {
			t.Fatalf("test %v: expected: %v, got: %v", i+1, testCase.expectedResult, result)
		}
	}
}

func TestGetNewCredentials(t *testing.T) {
	cred, err := GetNewCredentials()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to get a new credential")
	}
	if !cred.IsValid() {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to get new valid credential")
	}
	if len(cred.AccessKey) != accessKeyMaxLen {

		err := xml.Unmarshal(testCase.data, result)
		expectErr := (err != nil)

		if expectErr != testCase.expectErr {
			t.Fatalf("test %v: error: expected: %v, got: %v", i+1, testCase.expectErr, expectErr)
		}

		if !testCase.expectErr {
			if !reflect.DeepEqual(result, testCase.expectedResult) {
				t.Fatalf("test %v: data: expected: %v, got: %v", i+1, testCase.expectedResult, result)
			}
		}
	}
}

	if err := DB.Create(&user).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
	}

	var user2 User
	DB.Preload("Pets.Toy").Find(&user2, "id = ?", user.ID)
	CheckUser(t, user2, user)

	DB.Delete(&pet)

	var user3 User
	DB.Preload(clause.Associations+"."+clause.Associations).Find(&user3, "id = ?", user.ID)
	if len(user3.Pets) != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("User.Pet[0] was deleted and should not exist.")
	}

		etag, err := Parse(test.String)
		if err == nil && test.ShouldFail {
			t.Fatalf("Test %d: parse should have failed but succeeded", i)
		}
		if err != nil && !test.ShouldFail {
			t.Fatalf("Test %d: failed to parse ETag %q: %v", i, test.String, err)
		}
		if !Equal(etag, test.ETag) {
			t.Log([]byte(etag))
			t.Fatalf("Test %d: ETags don't match", i)
		}
	}
}

var stringTests = []struct {
	ETag   ETag

	for i, testCase := range testCases {
		result := testCase.set.Clone()

		if !reflect.DeepEqual(result, testCase.set) {
			t.Fatalf("test %v: result: expected: %v, got: %v", i+1, testCase.set, result)
		}

		result.add(testCase.targetIDToAdd)
		if reflect.DeepEqual(result, testCase.set) {
			t.Fatalf("test %v: result: expected: not equal, got: equal", i+1)
		}
	}
}

func TestTargetIDSetUnion(t *testing.T) {