byte[] encoded = encodeUnicode(msg);
        assertEquals(4, encoded.length, "Encoded Unicode string should be 4 bytes");

        // Verify little-endian encoding
        assertEquals((byte) 0xA1, encoded[0], "First byte of first character");
        assertEquals((byte) 0x00, encoded[1], "Second byte of first character");
        assertEquals((byte) 0xA2, encoded[2], "First byte of second character");

0xa2, 0xc4, 0x3b, 0xad, 0x54, 0x6f, 0xbe, 0x8c, 0xfe, 0xbc, } hash := sha1.New() hash.Write(msg) hashed := hash.Sum(nil) encoded, err := emsaPSSEncode(hashed, 1023, salt, sha1.New()) if err != nil { t.Errorf("Error from emsaPSSEncode: %s\n", err) } if !bytes.Equal(encoded, expected) { t.Errorf("Bad encoding. got %x, want %x", encoded, expected) } if err = emsaPSSVerify(hashed, encoded, 1023, len(salt), sha1.New()); err != nil { t.Errorf("Bad verification: %s", err) } } golang.org/fips140@v1.26.0/fip...

    }

    /**
     * Verify that encode writes the correct little-endian sequence
     * to the buffer and that alignment is respected.
     */
    @Test
    void encodeWritesCorrectBytesAndAlignment() throws NdrException {
        NdrShort ns = new NdrShort(0xABCD); // value & 0xFF => 0xCD
        buf.reset();
        int startIndex = buf.getIndex();
        ns.encode(buf);

	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	b.SetBytes(int64(buf.Len()))
	en := msgp.NewWriter(msgp.Nowhere)
	b.ReportAllocs()
	b.ResetTimer()
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		v.EncodeMsg(en)
	}
	en.Flush()
}

func BenchmarkDecodeBucketReplicationStat(b *testing.B) {
	v := BucketReplicationStat{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	b.SetBytes(int64(buf.Len()))

        // When - Use direct encoding methods since time constants are private
        Encdec.enc_uint64le(currentDate.getTime(), buffer, 0);
        long decoded = Encdec.dec_uint64le(buffer, 0);

        // Then
        assertEquals(currentDate.getTime(), decoded, "Encoded and decoded time should match");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should encode and decode UUIDs")
    void testUUIDOperations() {
        // Given

## Base64 vs Files { #base64-vs-files }

Consider first if you can use [Request Files](../tutorial/request-files.md) for uploading binary data and [Custom Response - FileResponse](./custom-response.md#fileresponse--fileresponse-) for sending binary data, instead of encoding it in JSON.

JSON can only contain UTF-8 encoded strings, so it can't contain raw bytes.

	v := ChecksumInfo{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	b.SetBytes(int64(buf.Len()))
	en := msgp.NewWriter(msgp.Nowhere)
	b.ReportAllocs()
	b.ResetTimer()
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		v.EncodeMsg(en)
	}
	en.Flush()
}

func BenchmarkDecodeChecksumInfo(b *testing.B) {
	v := ChecksumInfo{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	b.SetBytes(int64(buf.Len()))

	v := BatchJobPrefix{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	b.SetBytes(int64(buf.Len()))
	en := msgp.NewWriter(msgp.Nowhere)
	b.ReportAllocs()
	b.ResetTimer()
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		v.EncodeMsg(en)
	}
	en.Flush()
}

func BenchmarkDecodeBatchJobPrefix(b *testing.B) {
	v := BatchJobPrefix{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	b.SetBytes(int64(buf.Len()))

	v := localLockMap{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	b.SetBytes(int64(buf.Len()))
	en := msgp.NewWriter(msgp.Nowhere)
	b.ReportAllocs()
	b.ResetTimer()
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		v.EncodeMsg(en)
	}
	en.Flush()
}

func BenchmarkDecodelocalLockMap(b *testing.B) {
	v := localLockMap{}
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	msgp.Encode(&buf, &v)
	b.SetBytes(int64(buf.Len()))

            byte[] largeBuffer = new byte[1000];

            // Act
            int smallEncodedSize = context.encode(smallBuffer, 0);
            int largeEncodedSize = context.encode(largeBuffer, 500);

            // Assert
            // encode() returns actual bytes written (6), not size() value (8)
            assertEquals(6, smallEncodedSize); // actual: 2 bytes count + 2*2 bytes for ciphers