```

////

#### Использовать `Union` или `Optional` { #using-union-or-optional }

Если вы используете версию Python ниже 3.10, вот совет с моей весьма **субъективной** точки зрения:

* 🚨 Избегайте использования `Optional[SomeType]`
* Вместо этого ✨ **используйте `Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.

    checkNotNull(valueComparator);
    return Comparator.<Optional<T>, @Nullable T>comparing(
        o -> orElseNull(o), Comparator.nullsLast(valueComparator));
  }

  // For discussion of why this exists, see the Android flavor.
  private static <T> @Nullable T orElseNull(Optional<T> optional) {
    return optional.orElse(null);
  }

  /**

                @Nonnull
                @Override
                public Optional<Path> getPomFile() {
                    return Optional.ofNullable(res.getPomFile()).map(File::toPath);
                }

                @Nonnull
                @Override
                public Optional<Project> getProject() {
                    return Optional.ofNullable(session.getProject(res.getProject()));
                }

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Optional;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

/**
 * Tests for {@link DosError}.  Since {@link DosError} only contains
 * constants, the tests exercise the data and small helper logic in this
 * test class.
 */
public class DosErrorTest {
    private static Optional<Integer> findNtStatus(int dosErrorCode) {

     *
     * @param dir the directory to locate the pom for, never {@code null}
     * @return a {@code Source} pointing to the located pom or an empty {@code Optional} if none was found by this parser
     */
    @Nonnull
    Optional<Source> locate(@Nonnull Path dir);

    /**
     * Parse the model obtained previously by a previous call to {@link #locate(Path)}.
     *

    }

    @Override
    public Optional<Boolean> force() {
        if (commandLine.hasOption(CLIManager.FORCE)) {
            return Optional.of(Boolean.TRUE);
        }
        return Optional.empty();
    }

    @Override
    public Optional<Boolean> yes() {
        if (commandLine.hasOption(CLIManager.YES)) {
            return Optional.of(Boolean.TRUE);
        }
        return Optional.empty();

    private static final String RUNNER_DEBUG = "RUNNER_DEBUG";

    @Override
    public Optional<CIInfo> detectCI() {
        String ciEnv = System.getenv(GITHUB_ACTIONS);
        if ("true".equals(ciEnv)) {
            return Optional.of(new CIInfo() {
                @Override
                public String name() {
                    return NAME;
                }

                @Override

    private static final String TRAVIS_DEBUG_MODE = "TRAVIS_DEBUG_MODE";

    @Override
    public Optional<CIInfo> detectCI() {
        String ciEnv = System.getenv(TRAVIS);
        if ("true".equals(ciEnv)) {
            return Optional.of(new CIInfo() {
                @Override
                public String name() {
                    return NAME;
                }

                @Override

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: Optional[float] = None
    owner_ids: Optional[list[int]] = None


@app.get("/items/valid", response_model=Item)
def get_valid():
    return {"name": "valid", "price": 1.0}


@app.get("/items/coerce", response_model=Item)

# Apache Maven Encrypt Script
#
# Environment Variable Prerequisites
#
#   JAVA_HOME           (Optional) Points to a Java installation.
#   MAVEN_OPTS          (Optional) Java runtime options used when Maven is executed.
#   MAVEN_SKIP_RC       (Optional) Flag to disable loading of mavenrc files.
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------