# Middleware

There are several middlewares available provided by Starlette directly.

Read more about them in the [FastAPI docs for Middleware](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/middleware/).

::: fastapi.middleware.cors.CORSMiddleware

It can be imported from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
```

::: fastapi.middleware.gzip.GZipMiddleware

It can be imported from `fastapi`:

This is in contrast to the **development** stages, where you are constantly changing the code, breaking it and fixing it, stopping and restarting the development server, etc.

## Deployment Strategies

There are several ways to do it depending on your specific use case and the tools that you use.

internal fun Regex.matchAtPolyfill(
  input: CharSequence,
  index: Int,
): MatchResult? {
  val candidate = find(input, index) ?: return null
  if (candidate.range.first != index) return null // Didn't match where it should have.
  return candidate
}

@JvmField
val EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY: ByteArray = ByteArray(0)

/** Byte order marks. */
internal val UNICODE_BOMS =
  Options.of(
    // UTF-8.
    "efbbbf".decodeHex(),

        addr = getCachedAddress( name );

        if( addr == null ) {
            /* This is almost exactly like InetAddress.java. See the
             * comments there for a description of how the LOOKUP_TABLE prevents
             * redundant queries from going out on the wire.
             */
            if(( addr = (NbtAddress)checkLookupTable( name )) == null ) {
                try {

from fastapi import FastAPI, Header, HTTPException
from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing_extensions import Annotated

fake_secret_token = "coneofsilence"

fake_db = {
    "foo": {"id": "foo", "title": "Foo", "description": "There goes my hero"},
    "bar": {"id": "bar", "title": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders"},
}

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    id: str
    title: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None

We are not using `scopes` in this example, but the functionality is there if you need it.

///

Now, get the user data from the (fake) database, using the `username` from the form field.

If there is no such user, we return an error saying "Incorrect username or password".

For the error, we use the exception `HTTPException`:

client = TestClient(app)


def test_get_items():
    response = client.get("/items/")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == [
        {"name": "Foo", "description": "There comes my hero"},
        {"name": "Red", "description": "It's my aeroplane"},
    ]


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text

   *       fail.
   *   <li>If the constructor or factory method takes a parameter that {@link
   *       AbstractPackageSanityTests} doesn't know how to construct, the test will fail.
   *   <li>If there is no visible constructor or visible static factory method declared by {@code
   *       C}, {@code C} is skipped for serialization test, even if it implements {@link
   *       Serializable}.

 * [connection pool][ConnectionPool].
 *
 * Do not confuse this class with the misnamed `HttpURLConnection`, which isn't so much a connection
 * as a single request/response exchange.
 *
 * ## Modern TLS
 *
 * There are trade-offs when selecting which options to include when negotiating a secure connection
 * to a remote host. Newer TLS options are quite useful:
 *

   * numElements} elements are not available, it will wait for them up to the specified timeout.
   *
   * @param q the blocking queue to be drained
   * @param buffer where to add the transferred elements
   * @param numElements the number of elements to be waited for
   * @param timeout how long to wait before giving up
   * @return the number of elements transferred