///

/// info

Unless you specify a different media type explicitly in your `responses` parameter, FastAPI will assume the response has the same media type as the main response class (default `application/json`).

But if you have specified a custom response class with `None` as its media type, FastAPI will use `application/json` for any additional response that has an associated model.

///

## Combining information

```Python hl_lines="2  6"
{!../../docs_src/static_files/tutorial001.py!}
```

/// note | "📡 ℹ"

👆 💪 ⚙️ `from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles`.

**FastAPI** 🚚 🎏 `starlette.staticfiles` `fastapi.staticfiles` 🏪 👆, 👩‍💻. ✋️ ⚫️ 🤙 👟 🔗 ⚪️➡️ 💃.

///

### ⚫️❔ "🗜"

"🗜" ⛓ ❎ 🏁 "🔬" 🈸 🎯 ➡, 👈 ⤴️ ✊ 💅 🚚 🌐 🎧-➡.

```console
$ pip install python-multipart
```

///

## Import `Form`

Import `Form` from `fastapi`:

//// tab | Python 3.9+

```Python hl_lines="3"
{!> ../../docs_src/request_forms/tutorial001_an_py39.py!}
```

////

//// tab | Python 3.8+

```Python hl_lines="1"

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from docs_src.path_operation_configuration.tutorial005 import app

from ...utils import needs_pydanticv1, needs_pydanticv2

client = TestClient(app)


def test_query_params_str_validations():
    response = client.post("/items/", json={"name": "Foo", "price": 42})
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "name": "Foo",
        "price": 42,

from base64 import b64encode

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from docs_src.security.tutorial006 import app

client = TestClient(app)


def test_security_http_basic():
    response = client.get("/users/me", auth=("john", "secret"))
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"username": "john", "password": "secret"}


def test_security_http_basic_no_credentials():

/// info | "说明"

`Form` 是直接继承自 `Body` 的类。

///

/// tip | "提示"

声明表单体要显式使用 `Form` ，否则，FastAPI 会把该参数当作查询参数或请求体（JSON）参数。

///

## 关于 "表单字段"

与 JSON 不同，HTML 表单（`<form></form>`）向服务器发送数据通常使用「特殊」的编码。

**FastAPI** 要确保从正确的位置读取数据，而不是读取 JSON。

/// note | "技术细节"

表单数据的「媒体类型」编码一般为 `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`。

但包含文件的表单编码为 `multipart/form-data`。文件处理详见下节。

from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
from typing import Union

import jwt
from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from jwt.exceptions import InvalidTokenError
from passlib.context import CryptContext
from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing_extensions import Annotated

# to get a string like this run:
# openssl rand -hex 32

///

## Các gợi ý kiểu dữ liệu trong **FastAPI**

**FastAPI** lấy các ưu điểm của các gợi ý kiểu dữ liệu để thực hiện một số thứ.

Với **FastAPI**, bạn khai báo các tham số với gợi ý kiểu và bạn có được:

* **Sự hỗ trợ từ các trình soạn thảo**.
* **Kiểm tra kiểu dữ liệu (type checking)**.

...và **FastAPI** sử dụng các khia báo để:

### Pequenos erros são tratados automaticamente

Ao criar APIs da web com FastAPI, se houver um erro em nosso código, o FastAPI normalmente o conterá na única solicitação que acionou o erro. 🛡

# JSON 兼容编码器

在某些情况下，您可能需要将数据类型（如Pydantic模型）转换为与JSON兼容的数据类型（如`dict`、`list`等）。

比如，如果您需要将其存储在数据库中。

对于这种要求， **FastAPI**提供了`jsonable_encoder()`函数。

## 使用`jsonable_encoder`

让我们假设你有一个数据库名为`fake_db`，它只能接收与JSON兼容的数据。

例如，它不接收`datetime`这类的对象，因为这些对象与JSON不兼容。

因此，`datetime`对象必须将转换为包含<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601" class="external-link" target="_blank">ISO格式化</a>的`str`类型对象。

同样，这个数据库也不会接收Pydantic模型（带有属性的对象），而只接收`dict`。