// Volume operations.
	MakeVol(ctx context.Context, volume string) (err error)
	MakeVolBulk(ctx context.Context, volumes ...string) (err error)
	ListVols(ctx context.Context) (vols []VolInfo, err error)
	StatVol(ctx context.Context, volume string) (vol VolInfo, err error)
	DeleteVol(ctx context.Context, volume string, forceDelete bool) (err error)

	if err := d.calcError(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return d.disk.MakeVol(ctx, volume)
}

func (d *naughtyDisk) ListVols(ctx context.Context) (vols []VolInfo, err error) {
	if err := d.calcError(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return d.disk.ListVols(ctx)
}

func (d *naughtyDisk) StatVol(ctx context.Context, volume string) (vol VolInfo, err error) {

```

/// tip

Pydantic 是 FastAPI 中所有数据验证和序列化的核心，当你在没有设默认值的情况下使用 `Optional` 或 `Union[Something, None]` 时，它具有特殊行为，你可以在 Pydantic 文档中阅读有关<a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/models/#required-optional-fields" class="external-link" target="_blank">必需可选字段</a>的更多信息。

///

### 使用Pydantic中的`Required`代替省略号(`...`)

如果你觉得使用 `...` 不舒服，你也可以从 Pydantic 导入并使用 `Required`：

```Python hl_lines="2  8"

<img src="/img/python-types/image06.png">

Lưu ý rằng, điều này có nghĩa rằng "`one_person`" là một **thực thể** của lớp `Person`.

Nó không có nghĩa "`one_person`" là một **lớp** gọi là `Person`.

## Pydantic models

<a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> là một thư viện Python để validate dữ liệu hiệu năng cao.

O Pydantic tem um comportamento especial quando você usa `Optional` ou `Union[Something, None]` sem um valor padrão. Você pode ler mais sobre isso na documentação do Pydantic sobre <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.3/usage/models/#required-fields" class="external-link" target="_blank">campos Opcionais Obrigatórios</a>.

///


## Type Hints com Metadados de Anotações

/// tip

Pydantic ✔️ 🎁 🎭 🕐❔ 👆 ⚙️ `Optional` ⚖️ `Union[Something, None]` 🍵 🔢 💲, 👆 💪 ✍ 🌅 🔃 ⚫️ Pydantic 🩺 🔃 <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/models/#required-optional-fields" class="external-link" target="_blank">✔ 📦 🏑</a>.

///

## 🆎 🔑 **FastAPI**

**FastAPI** ✊ 📈 👫 🆎 🔑 📚 👜.

⏮️ **FastAPI** 👆 📣 🔢 ⏮️ 🆎 🔑 &amp; 👆 🤚:

    full_name = user_dict["full_name"],
    disabled = user_dict["disabled"],
    hashed_password = user_dict["hashed_password"],
)
```

/// info | "说明"

`user_dict` 的说明，详见[**更多模型**一章](../extra-models.md#user_indict){.internal-link target=_blank}。

///

## 返回 Token

`token` 端点的响应必须是 JSON 对象。

响应返回的内容应该包含 `token_type`。本例中用的是**Bearer**Token，因此， Token 类型应为**`bearer`**。

inside and make sure it is serializable as JSON, using the same [JSON Compatible Encoder](../tutorial/encoder.md){.internal-link target=_blank} explained in the tutorial. This is what allows you to return **arbitrary objects**, for example database models.

But if you are certain that the content that you are returning is **serializable with JSON**, you can pass it directly to the response class and avoid the extra overhead that FastAPI would have by passing your return content through the...

	})
}

// CurrentDatabase returns current database name
func (m Migrator) CurrentDatabase() (name string) {
	m.DB.Raw("SELECT DATABASE()").Row().Scan(&name)
	return
}

// ReorderModels reorder models according to constraint dependencies
func (m Migrator) ReorderModels(values []interface{}, autoAdd bool) (results []interface{}) {
	type Dependency struct {
		*gorm.Statement
		Depends []*schema.Schema
	}

/// tip

যখন আপনি `Optional` বা `Union[Something, None]` ব্যবহার করেন এবং কোনো ডিফল্ট মান না থাকে, Pydantic-এর একটি বিশেষ আচরণ রয়েছে, আপনি Pydantic ডকুমেন্টেশনে [Required Optional fields](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/models/#required-optional-fields) সম্পর্কে আরও পড়তে পারেন।

///

## মেটাডাটা অ্যানোটেশন সহ টাইপ হিন্টস

Python-এ এমন একটি ফিচার আছে যা `Annotated` ব্যবহার করে এই টাইপ হিন্টগুলিতে **অতিরিক্ত মেটাডাটা** রাখতে দেয়।