# テスト

<a href="https://www.starlette.io/testclient/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> のおかげで、**FastAPI** アプリケーションのテストは簡単で楽しいものになっています。

<a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a> がベースなので、非常に使いやすく直感的です。

これを使用すると、**FastAPI** と共に <a href="https://docs.pytest.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">pytest</a> を直接利用できます。

## `TestClient` を使用

`TestClient` をインポートします。

/// tip | Consejo

El callback real es solo un request HTTP.

Cuando implementes el callback tú mismo, podrías usar algo como <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a> o <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Requests</a>.

///

## Escribir el código de documentación del callback

    } else if (superString != null) {
      return resultString + superString;
    }
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * An {@link AbstractTransformFuture} that delegates to an {@link AsyncFunction} and {@link
   * #setFuture(ListenableFuture)}.
   */
  private static final class AsyncTransformFuture<
          I extends @Nullable Object, O extends @Nullable Object>

* API作成のための<a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>OpenAPI</strong></a>。これは、<abbr title="also known as: endpoints, routes">path</abbr> <abbr title="also known as HTTP methods, as POST, GET, PUT, DELETE">operations</abbr>の宣言、パラメータ、ボディリクエスト、セキュリティなどを含んでいます。
* <a href="http://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank"><strong>JSONスキーマ</strong></a>を使用したデータモデルのドキュメント自動生成（OpenAPIはJSONスキーマに基づいている）。

Thông tin này sẽ hữu ích khi bạn học về [Môi trường ảo](virtual-environments.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

## Kết luận

Với những thông tin này, bạn có thể hiểu được **các biến môi trường là gì** và **cách sử dụng chúng trong Python**.

Bạn có thể đọc thêm về chúng tại <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable" class="external-link" target="_blank">Wikipedia cho Biến môi trường</a>.

  }

  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  private V put(Entry<K, V> entry) {
    return getMap().put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
  }

  /**
   * Returns the {@link Method} instance for {@link #testPut_nullKeyUnsupported()} so that tests of
   * {@link java.util.TreeMap} can suppress it with {@code
   * FeatureSpecificTestSuiteBuilder.suppressing()} until <a
   * href="https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-5045147">JDK-5045147</a> is fixed.

Por padrão, o **FastAPI** irá converter automaticamente o valor do retorno para JSON utilizando o `jsonable_encoder` explicado em [JSON Compatible Encoder](../tutorial/encoder.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

Então, por baixo dos panos, ele incluiria esses dados compatíveis com JSON (e.g. um `dict`) dentro de uma `JSONResponse` que é utilizada para enviar uma resposta para o cliente.

/// tip | Consejo

Las siguientes secciones **no son necesariamente "avanzadas"**.

Y es posible que para tu caso de uso, la solución esté en una de ellas.

///

## Lee primero el Tutorial

Las siguientes secciones asumen que ya leíste el [Tutorial - Guía del Usuario: Seguridad](../../tutorial/security/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

 * multiple threads.
 *
 * <p>Popular escapers are defined as constants in classes like {@link
 * com.google.common.html.HtmlEscapers} and {@link com.google.common.xml.XmlEscapers}. To create
 * your own escapers extend this class and implement the {@link #escape(char)} method.
 *
 * @author Sven Mawson
 * @since 15.0
 */
@GwtCompatible

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.Set;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Static utility methods for {@link Graph}, {@link ValueGraph}, and {@link Network} instances.
 *
 * @author James Sexton
 * @author Joshua O'Madadhain
 * @since 20.0
 */
@Beta
public final class Graphs extends GraphsBridgeMethods {

  private Graphs() {}