Now let's **refactor** this app a bit to increase **security** and **versatility**.

If you check the previous app, in the UI you can see that, up to now, it lets the client decide the `id` of the `Hero` to create. 😱

We shouldn't let that happen, they could overwrite an `id` we already have assigned in the DB. Deciding the `id` should be done by the **backend** or the **database**, **not by the client**.

   * (UNSET).
   */
  @VisibleForTesting transient long[] entries;

  /** The load factor. */
  private transient float loadFactor;

  /** When we have this many elements, resize the hashtable. */
  private transient int threshold;

  /** Constructs a new empty instance of {@code ObjectCountHashMap}. */
  ObjectCountHashMap() {
    init(DEFAULT_SIZE, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
  }

You can use `async def` or normal `def`.

And you can declare dependencies with `async def` inside of normal `def` *path operation functions*, or `def` dependencies inside of `async def` *path operation functions*, etc.

It doesn't matter. **FastAPI** will know what to do.

/// note

{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial002_py39.py hl[7] *}

In this case, `item_id` is declared to be an `int`.

/// check

This will give you editor support inside of your function, with error checks, completion, etc.

///

## Data <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">conversion</abbr> { #data-conversion }

Si no lo tiene, lo genera usando la función de utilidad en `fastapi.openapi.utils.get_openapi`.

Y esa función `get_openapi()` recibe como parámetros:

* `title`: El título de OpenAPI, mostrado en la documentación.
* `version`: La versión de tu API, por ejemplo `2.5.0`.

{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[1,4,7:9] *}

### Generate the OpenAPI schema { #generate-the-openapi-schema }

Then, use the same utility function to generate the OpenAPI schema, inside a `custom_openapi()` function:

{* ../../docs_src/extending_openapi/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,15:21] *}

### Modify the OpenAPI schema { #modify-the-openapi-schema }

#### Union { #union }

You can declare that a variable can be any of **several types**, for example, an `int` or a `str`.

In Python 3.6 and above (including Python 3.10) you can use the `Union` type from `typing` and put inside the square brackets the possible types to accept.

    // We are going to take the project packaging and find all plugins in the default lifecycle and create
    // fully populated Plugin objects, including executions with goals and default configuration taken
    // from the plugin.xml inside a plugin.

    @Override
    public Set<Plugin> getPluginsBoundByDefaultToAllLifecycles(String packaging) {
        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {

Guava, the best approach is to create an [issue][] (or comment on an existing
issue if there is one) requesting the feature and describing specific use cases
for it.

If we decide to pursue a feature request, it will go through a thorough process
of API design and review. Any code should come after this.

[APIs]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API
[issue]: https://github.com/google/guava/issues

///

## Crear un middleware { #create-a-middleware }

Para crear un middleware usas el decorador `@app.middleware("http")` encima de una función.

La función middleware recibe:

* La `request`.
* Una función `call_next` que recibirá la `request` como parámetro.
    * Esta función pasará la `request` a la correspondiente *path operation*.