```JSON
{"item_id":3}
```

/// check

Notice that the value your function received (and returned) is `3`, as a Python `int`, not a string `"3"`.

So, with that type declaration, **FastAPI** gives you automatic request <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>.

///

## Data validation { #data-validation }

```JSON
{"item_id":3}
```

/// check | Revisa

Nota que el valor que tu función recibió (y devolvió) es `3`, como un `int` de Python, no un string `"3"`.

Entonces, con esa declaración de tipo, **FastAPI** te ofrece <abbr title="convertir el string que viene de un request HTTP en datos de Python">"parsing"</abbr> automático de request.

///

## Validación de datos { #data-validation }

You can use:

* `HTTPException`
* `WebSocketException`

These exceptions can be imported directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import HTTPException, WebSocketException
```

::: fastapi.HTTPException

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()

oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


def fake_decode_token(token):
    return User(

import importlib

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial010_py39"),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):
    mod = importlib.import_module(f"docs_src.custom_response.{request.param}")
    client = TestClient(mod.app)
    return client

# Return a Response Directly { #return-a-response-directly }

When you create a **FastAPI** *path operation* you can normally return any data from it: a `dict`, a `list`, a Pydantic model, a database model, etc.

By default, **FastAPI** would automatically convert that return value to JSON using the `jsonable_encoder` explained in [JSON Compatible Encoder](../tutorial/encoder.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

但同時，使用 `async def` 定義的函式本身也必須被「等待」。所以，帶有 `async def` 函式只能在其他使用 `async def` 定義的函式內呼叫。

那麼，這就像「先有雞還是先有蛋」的問題，要如何呼叫第一個 `async` 函式呢？

如果你使用 FastAPI，無需擔心這個問題，因為「第一個」函式將是你的*路徑操作函式*，FastAPI 會知道如何正確處理這個問題。

但如果你想在沒有 FastAPI 的情況下使用 `async` / `await`，你也可以這樣做。

### 編寫自己的非同步程式碼

但与此同时，必须"等待"通过 `async def` 定义的函数。因此，带 `async def` 的函数也只能在 `async def` 定义的函数内部调用。

那么，这关于先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题，如何调用第一个 `async` 函数？

如果你使用 **FastAPI**，你不必担心这一点，因为"第一个"函数将是你的路径操作函数，FastAPI 将知道如何做正确的事情。

但如果你想在没有 FastAPI 的情况下使用 `async` / `await`，则可以这样做。

### 编写自己的异步代码

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/items/")
def read_items(q: list[int] = Query(default=None)):
    return {"q": q}


client = TestClient(app)


def test_multi_query():
    response = client.get("/items/?q=5&q=6")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"q": [5, 6]}


def test_multi_query_incorrect():

from typing import Optional

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, Query, status
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

app = FastAPI()


def _get_client_key(client_id: str = Query(...)) -> str:
    return f"{client_id}_key"


def _get_client_tag(client_id: Optional[str] = Query(None)) -> Optional[str]:
    if client_id is None:
        return None
    return f"{client_id}_tag"


@app.get("/foo")
def foo_handler(