We also declare a special parameter of type `SecurityScopes`, imported from `fastapi.security`.

This `SecurityScopes` class is similar to `Request` (`Request` was used to get the request object directly).

{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial005_an_py310.py hl[9,106] *}

## Use the `scopes` { #use-the-scopes }

The parameter `security_scopes` will be of type `SecurityScopes`.

        Object proxy, Method method, @Nullable Object[] args) {
      Invokable<?, ?> invokable = interfaceType.method(method);
      ImmutableList<Parameter> params = invokable.getParameters();
      for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
        Parameter param = params.get(i);
        if (!isNullable(param)) {
          checkNotNull(args[i]);
        }
      }

 */

package com.google.common.base;

import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.FIELD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.METHOD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.PARAMETER;
import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.CLASS;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

/**

 */

package com.google.common.primitives;

import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.FIELD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.METHOD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.PARAMETER;
import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.CLASS;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

/**

 */

package com.google.common.html;

import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.FIELD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.METHOD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.PARAMETER;
import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.CLASS;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

/**

 */

package com.google.common.base;

import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.FIELD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.METHOD;
import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.PARAMETER;
import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.CLASS;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

/**

import java.util.Set;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * An implementation of {@link GraphConnections} for undirected graphs.
 *
 * @author James Sexton
 * @param <N> Node parameter type
 * @param <V> Value parameter type
 */
final class UndirectedGraphConnections<N, V> implements GraphConnections<N, V> {
  private final Map<N, V> adjacentNodeValues;

```python
from typing import Optional


def say_hi(name: Optional[str]):
    print(f"Hey {name}!")
```

The parameter `name` is defined as `Optional[str]`, but it is **not optional**, you cannot call the function without the parameter:

```Python
say_hi()  # Oh, no, this throws an error! 😱
```

The `name` parameter is **still required** (not *optional*) because it doesn't have a default value. Still, `name` accepts `None` as the value:

Als Teil der Erstellung des Anwendungsobjekts wird eine *Pfadoperation* für `/openapi.json` (oder welcher Wert für den Parameter `openapi_url` gesetzt wurde) registriert.

                if (oldNullability && !newNullability) {
                    errors << "Parameter $idx from null accepting to non-null accepting breaking change".toString()
                } else if (!oldNullability && newNullability) {
                    warnings << "Parameter $idx nullability changed from non-nullable to nullable".toString()
                }
            }
        }