import importlib
import runpy
import sys
import unittest

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

MOD_NAME = "docs_src.debugging.tutorial001_py39"


@pytest.fixture(name="client")
def get_client():
    mod = importlib.import_module(MOD_NAME)
    client = TestClient(mod.app)
    return client


def test_uvicorn_run_is_not_called_on_import():
    if sys.modules.get(MOD_NAME):

import importlib
from types import ModuleType

import pytest
from fastapi.exceptions import FastAPIError
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient


@pytest.fixture(
    name="mod",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial008c_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial008c_an_py39"),
    ],
)
def get_mod(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):
    mod = importlib.import_module(f"docs_src.dependencies.{request.param}")

    return mod

# Test with parts from, and to verify the report in:
# https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/discussions/14177
# Made an issue in:
# https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/issues/14247
from enum import Enum

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from inline_snapshot import snapshot
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field


class MessageEventType(str, Enum):
    alpha = "alpha"
    beta = "beta"

Se você estivar trabalhando com **FastAPI** não terá que se preocupar com isso, porquê essa "primeira" função será a sua *função de operação de rota*, e o FastAPI saberá como fazer a coisa certa.

Mas se você quiser usar `async` / `await` sem FastAPI, você também pode fazê-lo.

### Escreva seu próprio código assíncrono { #write-your-own-async-code }

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from docs_src.custom_response.tutorial006b_py39 import app

client = TestClient(app)


def test_redirect_response_class():
    response = client.get("/fastapi", follow_redirects=False)
    assert response.status_code == 307
    assert response.headers["location"] == "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com"


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")

**FastAPI** 无缝集成 OAuth2 作用域（`Scopes`），可以直接使用。

作用域是更精密的权限系统，遵循 OAuth2 标准，与 OpenAPI 应用（和 API 自动文档）集成。

OAuth2 也是脸书、谷歌、GitHub、微软、推特等第三方身份验证应用使用的机制。这些身份验证应用在用户登录应用时使用 OAuth2 提供指定权限。

脸书、谷歌、GitHub、微软、推特就是 OAuth2 作用域登录。

本章介绍如何在 **FastAPI** 应用中使用 OAuth2 作用域管理验证与授权。

/// warning | 警告

本章内容较难，刚接触 FastAPI 的新手可以跳过。

OAuth2 作用域不是必需的，没有它，您也可以处理身份验证与授权。

但 OAuth2 作用域与 API（通过 OpenAPI）及 API 文档集成地更好。

import warnings
from collections.abc import Sequence
from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import Enum
from typing import Annotated, Any, Callable, Optional, Union

from fastapi.exceptions import FastAPIDeprecationWarning
from fastapi.openapi.models import Example
from pydantic import AliasChoices, AliasPath
from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
from typing_extensions import Literal, deprecated

from ._compat import (
    Undefined,
)

from typing import Annotated, Union

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class HeroBase(SQLModel):
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    age: Union[int, None] = Field(default=None, index=True)


class Hero(HeroBase, table=True):
    id: Union[int, None] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    secret_name: str


class HeroPublic(HeroBase):

import importlib

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial005_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial005_py310", marks=needs_py310),
        pytest.param("tutorial005_an_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial005_an_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):

* <a href="https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Externer Link</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/css/styles.css" class="external-link" target="_blank">Link zu einem Stil</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/js/logic.js" class="external-link" target="_blank">Link zu einem Skript</a>
* <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/foo.jpg" class="external-link" target="_blank">Link zu einem Bild</a>