## Scope

* **Response**: route → MiddlewareA → MiddlewareB

This stacking behavior ensures that middlewares are executed in a predictable and controllable order.

## Other middlewares { #other-middlewares }

You can later read more about other middlewares in the [Advanced User Guide: Advanced Middleware](../advanced/middleware.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

   * plus the given elements, according to {@link #expectContents(java.util.Collection)}. In other
   * words, for the default {@code expectContents()} implementation, the number of occurrences of
   * each given element has increased by one since the test collection was created, and the number
   * of occurrences of all other elements has not changed.
   *

   * Returns a new range set consisting of the union of this range set and {@code other}.
   *
   * <p>This is essentially the same as {@code TreeRangeSet.create(this).addAll(other)} except it
   * returns an {@code ImmutableRangeSet}.
   *
   * @since 21.0
   */
  public ImmutableRangeSet<C> union(RangeSet<C> other) {
    return unionOf(Iterables.concat(asRanges(), other.asRanges()));
  }

  /**

    replaceWith = ReplaceWith(expression = "charset"),
    level = DeprecationLevel.ERROR,
  )
  fun charset(): Charset = charset

  override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean =
    other is Challenge &&
      other.scheme == scheme &&
      other.authParams == authParams

  override fun hashCode(): Int {
    var result = 29
    result = 31 * result + scheme.hashCode()

  @Override
  public int hashCode() { // delegate to 's'
    return s.hashCode();
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(@Nullable Object other) {
    if (other == null) {
      return false;
    } else if (other instanceof BaseComparable) {
      return s.equals(((BaseComparable) other).s);
    } else {
      return false;
    }
  }

  @Override
  public int compareTo(BaseComparable o) {
    return s.compareTo(o.s);

  public final <T extends @Nullable Object> T[] toArray(T[] other) {
    checkNotNull(other);
    int size = size();

    if (other.length < size) {
      Object[] internal = internalArray();
      if (internal != null) {
        return Platform.copy(internal, internalArrayStart(), internalArrayEnd(), other);
      }
      other = ObjectArrays.newArray(other, size);
    } else if (other.length > size) {
      other[size] = null;
    }

entire combination fits its criteria of freedom.  The Lesser General
Public License permits more lax criteria for linking other code with
the library.

  We call this license the "Lesser" General Public License because it
does Less to protect the user's freedom than the ordinary General
Public License.  It also provides other free software developers Less
of an advantage over competing non-free programs.  These disadvantages

    ToOptionalState combine(ToOptionalState other) {
      if (element == null) {
        return other;
      } else if (other.element == null) {
        return this;
      } else {
        if (extras.isEmpty()) {
          // Replace immutable empty list with mutable list.
          extras = new ArrayList<>();
        }
        extras.add(other.element);
        extras.addAll(other.extras);

    An empty artifact that Guava depends on to signal that it is providing
    ListenableFuture -- but is also available in a second "version" that
    contains com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture class, without
    any other Guava classes. The idea is:

    - If users want only ListenableFuture, they depend on listenablefuture-1.0.

    - If users want all of Guava, they depend on guava, which, as of Guava
    27.0, depends on