font-size: 10pt;
    color: #000000;
    text-decoration: none
}
a.plain {
    display: inline;
    float: none;
    width: auto;
    height: auto
}
a.sort {
    display: block;
    float: left;
    width: 100px;
    height: 15px;
    font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;
    font-size: 8pt;
    font-weight: bold;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #000000;
    background-color: #d0d0d0;

/// tip | Dica

Fazer com que o modelo de retorno garanta que um valor esteja sempre disponível e sempre seja um `int` (não `None`) é muito útil para os clientes da API, eles podem escrever código muito mais simples com essa certeza.

```

`Optional[str]` ব্যবহার করা মানে হল শুধু `str` নয়, এটি হতে পারে `None`-ও, যা আপনার এডিটরকে সেই ত্রুটিগুলি শনাক্ত করতে সাহায্য করবে যেখানে আপনি ধরে নিচ্ছেন যে একটি মান সবসময় `str` হবে, অথচ এটি `None`-ও হতে পারেও।

`Optional[Something]` মূলত `Union[Something, None]`-এর একটি শর্টকাট, এবং তারা সমতুল্য।

এর মানে হল, Python 3.10-এ, আপনি টাইপগুলির ইউনিয়ন ঘোষণা করতে `Something | None` ব্যবহার করতে পারেন:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):

Ihr Responsemodell könnte Defaultwerte haben, wie:

{* ../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial004_py310.py hl[9,11:12] *}

* `description: Union[str, None] = None` (oder `str | None = None` in Python 3.10) hat einen Defaultwert `None`.
* `tax: float = 10.5` hat einen Defaultwert `10.5`.
* `tags: List[str] = []` hat eine leere Liste als Defaultwert: `[]`.

## 선택적 매개변수

같은 방법으로 기본값을 `None`으로 설정하여 선택적 매개변수를 선언할 수 있습니다:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial002.py hl[9] *}

이 경우 함수 매개변수 `q`는 선택적이며 기본값으로 `None` 값이 됩니다.

/// check | 확인

**FastAPI**는 `item_id`가 경로 매개변수이고 `q`는 경로 매개변수가 아닌 쿼리 매개변수라는 것을 알 정도로 충분히 똑똑합니다.

///

/// note | 참고

FastAPI는 `q`가 `= None`이므로 선택적이라는 것을 인지합니다.

all !important;\n}\n\n.user-select-auto {\n  -webkit-user-select: auto !important;\n  -moz-user-select: auto !important;\n  user-select: auto !important;\n}\n\n.user-select-none {\n  -webkit-user-select: none !important;\n  -moz-user-select: none !important;\n  user-select: none !important;\n}\n\n.pe-none {\n  pointer-events: none !important;\n}\n\n.pe-auto {\n  pointer-events: auto !important;\n}\n\n.rounded {\n  border-radius: var(--bs-border-radius) !important;\n}\n\n.rounded-0 {\n  border-radius:...

     * @return RDMA provider instance, or null if none available
     */
    public static RdmaProvider getProvider(Configuration config) {
        String preference = config.getRdmaProvider();
        return createProvider(preference != null ? preference : "auto");
    }

    /**
     * Select the best available RDMA provider
     *
     * @return best RDMA provider, or null if none available
     */

                new RequestParam[] { RequestParam.NONE, RequestParam.NO_TIMEOUT, RequestParam.NO_RETRY, RequestParam.RETAIN_PAYLOAD },
                values, "values() order should match declaration order");
    }

    // Happy path: valueOf resolves each constant name; toString equals name; ordinal is stable
    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(strings = { "NONE", "NO_TIMEOUT", "NO_RETRY", "RETAIN_PAYLOAD" })

{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008b.py!}
```

////

In both cases this means that `item` could be an `int` or a `str`.

#### Possibly `None` { #possibly-none }

You can declare that a value could have a type, like `str`, but that it could also be `None`.

In Python 3.6 and above (including Python 3.10) you can declare it by importing and using `Optional` from the `typing` module.

```Python hl_lines="1  4"