*  Fix: Use literal IP addresses directly rather than passing them to `DnsOverHttps`.
 *  Fix: Embed Proguard rules to prevent warnings from tools like DexGuard and R8. These warnings
    were triggered by OkHttp’s feature detection for TLS packages like `org.conscrypt`,
    `org.bouncycastle`, and `org.openjsse`.
 *  Upgrade: Explicitly depend on `kotlin-stdlib-jdk8`. This fixes a problem with dependency

So, you would run **multiple containers** with different things, like a database, a Python application, a web server with a React frontend application, and connect them together via their internal network.

All the container management systems (like Docker or Kubernetes) have these networking features integrated into them.

## Containers and Processes { #containers-and-processes }

Let's start with an example and then see it in detail.

We create an async function `lifespan()` with `yield` like this:

{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003.py hl[16,19] *}

## Pydantic Models for Input and Output { #pydantic-models-for-input-and-output }

Let's say you have a Pydantic model with default values, like this one:

{* ../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001_py310.py ln[1:7] hl[7] *}

### Model for Input { #model-for-input }

If you use this model as an input like here:

{* ../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001_py310.py ln[1:15] hl[14] *}

* 따라서 이미지, 동영상, 큰 이진코드와 같은 대용량 파일들을 많은 메모리를 소모하지 않고 처리하기에 적합합니다.
* 업로드 된 파일의 메타데이터를 얻을 수 있습니다.
* <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-file-like-object" class="external-link" target="_blank">file-like</a>  `async` 인터페이스를 갖고 있습니다.

Each interceptor chain has relative merits.

**Application interceptors**

 * Don't need to worry about intermediate responses like redirects and retries.
 * Are always invoked once, even if the HTTP response is served from the cache.
 * Observe the application's original intent. Unconcerned with OkHttp-injected headers like `If-None-Match`.
 * Permitted to short-circuit and not call `Chain.proceed()`.

 * [okhttp-staleiferror-interceptor](https://github.com/PeelTechnologies/okhttp-staleiferror-interceptor/): serve stale responses when the server isn’t reachable.
 * [okhttp-stats](https://github.com/flipkart-incubator/okhttp-stats): Get stats like average network speed.
 * [okhttp-system-keystore](https://github.com/charleskorn/okhttp-system-keystore): Use trusted certificates from the operating system keystore (Keychain on macOS, Certificate Store on Windows).

 * Service for detecting and providing information about the operating system (OS)
 * on which the application is running.
 * <p>
 * This service provides a platform-independent way to:
 * <ul>
 * <li>Query basic OS information like name, architecture, and version</li>
 * <li>Determine the OS family (e.g., Windows, Unix, Mac)</li>
 * <li>Check if the current OS is Windows-based</li>
 * </ul>
 * <p>

* Caddy
    * Automatically handles certificates renewals ✨
* Nginx
    * With an external component like Certbot for certificate renewals
* HAProxy
    * With an external component like Certbot for certificate renewals
* Kubernetes with an Ingress Controller like Nginx
    * With an external component like cert-manager for certificate renewals
* Handled internally by a cloud provider as part of their services (read below 👇)

 *       ordered pair of keys, a row key and column key.
 *   <dt>{@link Multiset}
 *   <dd>An extension of {@link java.util.Collection} that may contain duplicate values like a
 *       {@link java.util.List}, yet has order-independent equality like a {@link java.util.Set}.
 *       One typical use for a multiset is to represent a histogram.
 *   <dt>{@link ClassToInstanceMap}