As Gradle executes, it acts on various pieces of the build definition, such as each project in the build.
Gradle tracks the state of each piece and transitions each piece through its lifecycle as the build runs.

A central part of the Gradle architecture is the "build state model", which holds the state for each piece and coordinates state transitions and other mutations. 

        if (scriptText.contains("repositories")) {
            assertThat(scriptText, containsString("mavenCentral()"))
            assertThat(scriptText, containsString("Use Maven Central for resolving dependencies."))
            assertThat(scriptText, not(containsString("jcenter()")))
            assertThat(scriptText, not(containsString("Use JCenter for resolving dependencies.")))
        }
    }

[![Maven Central](https://img.shields.io/maven-central/v/org.jetbrains.kotlin/kotlin-maven-plugin.svg)](https://search.maven.org/#search%7Cga%7C1%7Cg%3A%22org.jetbrains.kotlin%22)

        api("org.ow2.asm:asm:$asmVersion")
        api("org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:$asmVersion")
        api("org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:$asmVersion")
        api("xerces:xercesImpl:2.12.2") {
            because("Maven Central and JCenter disagree on version 2.9.1 metadata")
        }
        api("net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy") { version { strictly("1.10.21") } }
        api("org.objenesis:objenesis") { version { strictly("3.1") } }
    }

Usually, a rule is specifically written to enrich metadata of one specific module and hence the `withModule` API should be preferred.

[[sec:rules_in_settings]]
=== Declaring rules in a central place

NOTE: Declaring component metadata rules in settings is an incubating feature

    google()
    mavenCentral()
  }
  dependencies {
    classpath("com.android.tools.build:gradle:$agpVersion") {
      exclude(
        group = "org.jetbrains.trove4j"
      ) // Might not be available on Maven Central and not needed for this test
    }
  }
}

subprojects {
  if (name.endsWith("Java")) {
    apply(plugin = "java-library")
  } else {
    apply(plugin = "com.android.application")

        DefaultSession session = new DefaultSession(
                rsession,
                system,
                List.of(lookup.lookup(RepositoryFactory.class)
                        .createRemote("central", "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2")),
                null,
                lookup);

        Settings settings = session.getService(SettingsBuilder.class)
                .build(

        static errorProne = "3.1.0"

        // https://plugins.gradle.org/plugin/com.google.protobuf
        static protobufPlugin = "0.9.4"

        // https://central.sonatype.com/artifact/com.google.protobuf/protobuf-java/versions
        static protobufTools = "4.26.1"

        // https://plugins.gradle.org/plugin/org.gradle.test-retry
        static testRetryPlugin = "1.5.8"

                    .relocation(model.getDistributionManagement().getRelocation())
                    .build());
        }
        // only keep repositories other than 'central'
        builder.pluginRepositories(pruneRepositories(model.getPluginRepositories()));
        builder.repositories(pruneRepositories(model.getRepositories()));
        return builder;
    }

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * Provides a central location for handling failures encountered during
 * each stage of the variant selection process during dependency resolution.
 *
 * All variant selection failures encountered during selection by the {@link GraphVariantSelector} or