# Header Parameter Models { #header-parameter-models }

If you have a group of related **header parameters**, you can create a **Pydantic model** to declare them.

This would allow you to **re-use the model** in **multiple places** and also to declare validations and metadata for all the parameters at once. 😎

/// note

This is supported since FastAPI version `0.115.0`. 🤓

///

Disons que vous voulez retourner une réponse <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" class="external-link" target="_blank">XML</a>.

Vous pouvez mettre votre contenu XML dans une chaîne de caractères, la placer dans une `Response`, et la retourner :

{* ../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial002.py hl[1,18] *}

## Notes

 * @since 2.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public abstract class ForwardingMapEntry<K extends @Nullable Object, V extends @Nullable Object>
    extends ForwardingObject implements Map.Entry<K, V> {
  // TODO(lowasser): identify places where thread safety is actually lost

  /** Constructor for use by subclasses. */
  protected ForwardingMapEntry() {}

  @Override
  protected abstract Entry<K, V> delegate();

  @Override

 * @author Louis Wasserman
 * @since 2.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public abstract class ForwardingSet<E extends @Nullable Object> extends ForwardingCollection<E>
    implements Set<E> {
  // TODO(lowasser): identify places where thread safety is actually lost

  /** Constructor for use by subclasses. */
  protected ForwardingSet() {}

  @Override
  protected abstract Set<E> delegate();

  @Override

 * equals}, {@code hashCode} and {@code compareTo} because instances are expected to be mutated, and
 * so are not useful as collection keys.
 *
 * <p>jsr166e note: This class is targeted to be placed in java.util.concurrent.atomic.
 *
 * @since 1.8
 * @author Doug Lea
 */
@GwtCompatible
final class LongAdder extends Striped64 implements Serializable, LongAddable {

     */
    @Nonnull
    Optional<Options> options();

    /**
     * This method returns "verbose" option value derived from multiple places: CLI options, but also CI detection,
     * if applicable.
     */
    default boolean effectiveVerbose() {
        return options().isPresent() && options().orElseThrow().verbose().orElse(false)

   * http://code.google.com/p/smhasher/source/browse/trunk/MurmurHash3.cpp, which contained the
   * following header:
   *
   * MurmurHash3 was written by Austin Appleby, and is placed in the public domain. The author
   * hereby disclaims copyright to this source code.
   */
  static int smear(int hashCode) {
    return C2 * Integer.rotateLeft(hashCode * C1, 15);
  }

 * @since 2.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public abstract class ForwardingMapEntry<K extends @Nullable Object, V extends @Nullable Object>
    extends ForwardingObject implements Map.Entry<K, V> {
  // TODO(lowasser): identify places where thread safety is actually lost

  /** Constructor for use by subclasses. */
  protected ForwardingMapEntry() {}

  @Override
  protected abstract Entry<K, V> delegate();

  @Override

        assertEquals(3, encodedLen, "Encoded length should be equal to the specified length");

        // Verify content
        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { (byte) 0xFF, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00 }, dest, "Encoded bytes should be placed at the correct offset");
    }

    @Test
    void testEncodeZeroLength() {
        // Test encoding with zero length
        byte[] data = { 0x01, 0x02, 0x03 };

The **default** value of the **function parameter** is the **actual default** value, that's more intuitive with Python in general. 😌