* input byte array {@code {0x54, 0x32}} would yield the {@code short} value {@code 0x5432}.
   *
   * <p>Arguably, it's preferable to use {@link java.nio.ByteBuffer}; that library exposes much more
   * flexibility at little cost in readability.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code bytes} has fewer than 2 elements
   */
  @GwtIncompatible // doesn't work
  public static short fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) {

   * input byte array {@code {0x54, 0x32}} would yield the {@code short} value {@code 0x5432}.
   *
   * <p>Arguably, it's preferable to use {@link java.nio.ByteBuffer}; that library exposes much more
   * flexibility at little cost in readability.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code bytes} has fewer than 2 elements
   */
  @GwtIncompatible // doesn't work
  public static short fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) {

        .onRequestBody(CloseSocket())
        .build(),
    )
    // Limit the size of the request body that the server holds in memory to an arbitrary
    // 3.5 MBytes so this test can pass on devices with little memory.
    server.bodyLimit = 7 * 512 * 1024
    val connection = server.url("/").toUrl().openConnection() as HttpURLConnection
    connection.requestMethod = "POST"
    connection.doOutput = true

      System.arraycopy(hash, 0, hashes, i * hashBytes, hash.length);
    }

    // Then hash the result array
    byte[] result = hashFunction.hash(hashes, 0);

    // interpreted in little-endian order.
    int verification = Integer.reverseBytes(Ints.fromByteArray(result));

    if (expected != verification) {
      throw new AssertionError(
          "Expected: "

This is just a **quick tutorial / refresher** about Python type hints. It covers only the minimum necessary to use them with **FastAPI**... which is actually very little.

**FastAPI** is all based on these type hints, they give it many advantages and benefits.

But even if you never use **FastAPI**, you would benefit from learning a bit about them.

/// note

    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns an address from a <b>little-endian ordered</b> byte array (the opposite of what {@link
   * InetAddress#getByAddress} expects).
   *
   * <p>IPv4 address byte array must be 4 bytes long and IPv6 byte array must be 16 bytes long.
   *
   * @param addr the raw IP address in little-endian byte order
   * @return an InetAddress object created from the raw IP address

    // JVM shutdown will not be prevented from exiting after this service has stopped or failed.
    // Technically this listener is added after start() was called so it is a little gross, but it
    // is called within doStart() so we know that the service cannot terminate or fail concurrently
    // with adding this listener so it is impossible to miss an event that we are interested in.
    addListener(

If you are paying for 3 servers but you are using only a little bit of their RAM and CPU, you are probably **wasting money** 💸, and probably **wasting server electric power** 🌎, etc.

**Typer** is FastAPI's little sibling. And it's intended to be the **FastAPI of CLIs**. ⌨️ 🚀

## Requirements { #requirements }

FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:

   * Returns the elements from this fluent iterable that are instances of class {@code type}.
   *
   * <p><b>{@code Stream} equivalent:</b> {@code stream.filter(type::isInstance).map(type::cast)}.
   * This does perform a little more work than necessary, so another option is to insert an
   * unchecked cast at some later point:
   *
   * {@snippet :
   * @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // safe because of ::isInstance check