assertTrue(bytes >= 0);
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test read operations")
    void testReadOperations() {
        byte[] buffer = new byte[256];

        // Test parameter words read
        int paramResult = transaction.readParameterWordsWireFormat(buffer, 0);
        assertEquals(0, paramResult);

        // Test bytes read
        int bytesResult = transaction.readBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0);

   * encountered.
   *
   * @return byte read from input
   * @throws IOException if an error is encountered while reading
   * @throws EOFException if the end of file (EOF) is encountered.
   */
  private byte readAndCheckByte() throws IOException, EOFException {
    int b1 = in.read();

    if (b1 == -1) {
      throw new EOFException();
    }

    return (byte) b1;

 * contract.
 *
 * <p>The {@code standard} methods and the collection views they return are not guaranteed to be
 * thread-safe, even when all of the methods that they depend on are thread-safe.
 *
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 * @since 12.0
 */
@GwtIncompatible
public abstract class ForwardingNavigableMap<K extends @Nullable Object, V extends @Nullable Object>

 * contract.
 *
 * <p>The {@code standard} methods and the collection views they return are not guaranteed to be
 * thread-safe, even when all of the methods that they depend on are thread-safe.
 *
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 * @since 12.0
 */
@GwtIncompatible
public abstract class ForwardingNavigableMap<K extends @Nullable Object, V extends @Nullable Object>

When you need `lifespan` to run in your tests, you can use the `TestClient` with a `with` statement:

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial004_py39.py hl[9:15,18,27:28,30:32,41:43] *}


You can read more details about the ["Running lifespan in tests in the official Starlette documentation site."](https://www.starlette.dev/lifespan/#running-lifespan-in-tests)

                            "description": "Successful Response",
                            "content": {"application/json": {"schema": {}}},
                        }
                    },
                    "summary": "Read Item",
                    "operationId": "read_item_items__get",
                }
            }
        },

    assert response.json() == {
        "openapi": "3.1.0",
        "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
        "paths": {
            "/app": {
                "get": {
                    "summary": "Read Main",
                    "operationId": "read_main_app_get",
                    "responses": {
                        "200": {
                            "description": "Successful Response",

                    "description": "Production environment",
                },
            ],
            "paths": {
                "/app": {
                    "get": {
                        "summary": "Read Main",
                        "operationId": "read_main_app_get",
                        "responses": {
                            "200": {
                                "description": "Successful Response",

            off = in.read(buf, 0, 1024);
        } else {
            off = in.readDirect(buf, 0, buf.length);
        }

        if (buf[0] != 5 && buf[1] != 0) {
            throw new IOException("Unexpected DCERPC PDU header");
        }

        flags = buf[3] & 0xFF;
        // next read is start of new frag

It would also mean that if you get data from the `Request` object directly (for example, read the body) it won't be validated, converted or documented (with OpenAPI, for the automatic API user interface) by FastAPI.