You can also create an environment variable only for a **specific program invocation**, that is only available to that program, and only for its duration.

To do that, create it right before the program itself, on the same line:

<div class="termy">

```console
// Create an env var MY_NAME in line for this program call

  - type: textarea
    attributes:
      label: 1. What are you trying to do?
    validations:
      required: true

  - type: textarea
    attributes:
      label: 2. What's the best code you can write to accomplish that without the new feature?
    validations:
      required: true

  - type: textarea
    attributes:
      label: 3. What would that same code look like if we added your feature?
    validations:

* For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, read the body as JSON:
    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`.
    * Check that it has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
    * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
    * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.

But that will only affect that `APIRouter` in our app, not in any other code that uses it.

So, for example, other projects could use the same `APIRouter` with a different authentication method.

### Include a *path operation* { #include-a-path-operation }

We can also add *path operations* directly to the `FastAPI` app.

Here we do it... just to show that we can 🤷:

```Python hl_lines="21-23" title="app/main.py"

## What is a Container Image { #what-is-a-container-image }

A **container** is run from a **container image**.

Create functions with a name that starts with `test_` (this is standard `pytest` conventions).

Use the `TestClient` object the same way as you do with `httpx`.

Write simple `assert` statements with the standard Python expressions that you need to check (again, standard `pytest`).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip

Notice that the testing functions are normal `def`, not `async def`.

## Mounting a **FastAPI** application { #mounting-a-fastapi-application }

"Mounting" means adding a completely "independent" application in a specific path, that then takes care of handling everything under that path, with the _path operations_ declared in that sub-application.

### Top-level application { #top-level-application }

First, create the main, top-level, **FastAPI** application, and its *path operations*:

Note that the go_darwin_$GOARCH_exec wrapper uninstalls any existing app identified by
the bundle id before installing a new app. If the uninstalled app is the last app by
the developer identity, the device might also remove the permission to run apps from
that developer, and the exec wrapper will fail to install the new app. To avoid that,

   * absent, it will fall back to a heavyweight operation that will open a stream, read (or {@link
   * InputStream#skip(long) skip}, if possible) to the end of the stream and return the total number
   * of bytes that were read.
   *
   * <p>Note that for some sources that implement {@link #sizeIfKnown} to provide a more efficient
   * implementation, it is <i>possible</i> that this method will return a different number of bytes

 * want their output to be non-null in operations like `stream.map(myConverter)`, and we can
 * guarantee that as long as we also require the input type to be non-null[*] (which is a
 * requirement that existing callers already fulfill).
 *
 * Disclaimer: Part of the reason that callers are so well adapted to `Function<A, B>` may be that
 * that is how the signature looked even prior to this comment! So naturally any change can break