```go
package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/smallnest/ringbuffer"
)

func main() {
	rb := ringbuffer.New(1024)

	// write
	rb.Write([]byte("abcd"))
	fmt.Println(rb.Length())
	fmt.Println(rb.Free())

	// read
	buf := make([]byte, 4)
	rb.Read(buf)
	fmt.Println(string(buf))
}
```

It is possible to use an existing buffer with by replacing `New` with `NewBuffer`.

	// Embed a "fake" exit code in the middle to check that we don't get caught on it.
	pre := "abc" + exitStr + "123def"
	text := pre + exitStr + `1`
	for i := 0; i < len(text); i++ {
		_, err := f.Write([]byte{text[i]})
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
	}

	// The "pre" output should all have been flushed already.
	if want, got := pre, out.String(); want != got {

    super(checkNotNull(out));
    this.hasher = checkNotNull(hashFunction.newHasher());
  }

  @Override
  public void write(int b) throws IOException {
    hasher.putByte((byte) b);
    out.write(b);
  }

  @Override
  public void write(byte[] bytes, int off, int len) throws IOException {
    hasher.putBytes(bytes, off, len);
    out.write(bytes, off, len);
  }

  /**

	v := RStat{}
	b.ReportAllocs()
	b.ResetTimer()
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		v.MarshalMsg(nil)
	}
}

func BenchmarkAppendMsgRStat(b *testing.B) {
	v := RStat{}
	bts := make([]byte, 0, v.Msgsize())
	bts, _ = v.MarshalMsg(bts[0:0])
	b.SetBytes(int64(len(bts)))
	b.ReportAllocs()
	b.ResetTimer()
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		bts, _ = v.MarshalMsg(bts[0:0])
	}
}

	v := connectReq{}
	b.ReportAllocs()
	b.ResetTimer()
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		v.MarshalMsg(nil)
	}
}

func BenchmarkAppendMsgconnectReq(b *testing.B) {
	v := connectReq{}
	bts := make([]byte, 0, v.Msgsize())
	bts, _ = v.MarshalMsg(bts[0:0])
	b.SetBytes(int64(len(bts)))
	b.ReportAllocs()
	b.ResetTimer()
	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
		bts, _ = v.MarshalMsg(bts[0:0])
	}
}

			Gname:    "dsnet",
			Format:   FormatGNU,
		}},
	}, {
		// This archive was generated by Writer but is readable by both
		// GNU and BSD tar utilities.
		// The archive generated by GNU is nearly byte-for-byte identical
		// to the Go version except the Go version sets a negative Devminor
		// just to force the GNU format.
		file: "testdata/gnu-utf8.tar",
		headers: []*Header{{

	tests := []struct {
		name    string
		data    []byte
		wantIdx bool
	}{
		{name: "empty", data: nil},
		{name: "small", data: []byte("hello, world!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!")},
		{name: "large", data: bytes.Repeat([]byte("hello, world"), 1000000), wantIdx: true},
	}

	for _, tt := range tests {
		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {

	w.wg.Wait()
	return err
}

type writerAt struct {
	w      *io.PipeWriter
	r      *io.PipeReader
	wg     *sync.WaitGroup
	buffer map[int64][]byte
	err    error

	nextOffset int64
	m          sync.Mutex
}

func (w *writerAt) WriteAt(b []byte, offset int64) (n int, err error) {
	w.m.Lock()
	defer w.m.Unlock()

	if w.nextOffset == offset {
		n, err = w.w.Write(b)
		w.nextOffset += int64(n)

        authMethod = null;
        final InputStream errorStream = connection.getErrorStream();
        if (errorStream != null && errorStream.available() != 0) {
            int count;
            final byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
            while ((count = errorStream.read(buf, 0, 1024)) != -1) {
                ;
            }
        }
        String authHeader;
        if (response == HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED) {

 * It uses an Extractor to extract the text from the response body based on the MIME type.
 * The extracted text is then converted into a byte array using the specified charset encoding.
 * It also provides a method to retrieve the extracted data as a String from an AccessResultData object.
 *
 * <p>