**FastAPI** incluye varios middlewares para casos de uso común, veremos a continuación cómo usarlos.

/// note | Detalles Técnicos

Para los próximos ejemplos, también podrías usar `from starlette.middleware.something import SomethingMiddleware`.

**FastAPI** proporciona varios middlewares en `fastapi.middleware` solo como una conveniencia para ti, el desarrollador. Pero la mayoría de los middlewares disponibles provienen directamente de Starlette.

  public AnEnum[] createArray(int length) {
    return new AnEnum[length];
  }

  /** Sorts the enums according to their natural ordering. */
  /*
   * While the current implementation returns `this`, that's not something we mean to guarantee.
   * Callers of TestContainerGenerator.order need to be prepared for implementations to return a new
   * collection.
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("CanIgnoreReturnValueSuggester")
  @Override

`Optional[Something]` es realmente un atajo para `Union[Something, None]`, son equivalentes.

Esto también significa que en Python 3.10, puedes usar `Something | None`:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```

////

استفاده از `Optional[str]` به جای فقط `str` به ویرایشگر کمک می‌کنه خطاهایی که ممکنه فکر کنی یه مقدار همیشه `str` هست رو پیدا کنه، در حالی که می‌تونه `None` هم باشه.

`Optional[Something]` در واقع میان‌بر برای `Union[Something, None]` هست، این دو تا معادلن.

یعنی توی پایتون 3.10، می‌تونی از `Something | None` استفاده کنی:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```

////

  public AnEnum[] createArray(int length) {
    return new AnEnum[length];
  }

  /** Sorts the enums according to their natural ordering. */
  /*
   * While the current implementation returns `this`, that's not something we mean to guarantee.
   * Callers of TestContainerGenerator.order need to be prepared for implementations to return a new
   * collection.
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("CanIgnoreReturnValueSuggester")
  @Override

                            + " (" + repository.getUrl() + ")");
        }

        if (file == null) {
            // TODO throw something instead?
            return true;
        }

        Date lastCheckDate;

        if (file.exists()) {
            lastCheckDate = new Date(file.lastModified());
        } else {

 *   <li><b>Convenience methods:</b> These are implementations of common operations that are
 *       typically implemented by opening a stream using one of the methods in the first category,
 *       doing something and finally closing the stream or channel that was opened.
 * </ul>
 *
 * @since 14.0
 * @author Colin Decker
 */
@J2ktIncompatible
@GwtIncompatible
public abstract class ByteSink {

 *   <li><b>Convenience methods:</b> These are implementations of common operations that are
 *       typically implemented by opening a stream using one of the methods in the first category,
 *       doing something and finally closing the stream or channel that was opened.
 * </ul>
 *
 * @since 14.0
 * @author Colin Decker
 */
@J2ktIncompatible
@GwtIncompatible
public abstract class ByteSink {

    * An example is `404`, for a "Not Found" response.
    * For generic errors from the client, you can just use `400`.
* `500 - 599` are for server errors. You almost never use them directly. When something goes wrong at some part in your application code, or server, it will automatically return one of these status codes.

/// tip

    targetSdk = 34
    unitTests.isIncludeAndroidResources = true
  }

  kotlinOptions {
    jvmTarget = JavaVersion.VERSION_11.toString()
  }

  // issue merging due to conflict with httpclient and something else
  packagingOptions.resources.excludes += setOf(
    "META-INF/DEPENDENCIES",
    "META-INF/LICENSE.md",
    "META-INF/LICENSE-notice.md",
    "README.txt",
    "org/bouncycastle/LICENSE"
  )
}