Usa el objeto `TestClient` de la misma manera que con `httpx`.

Escribe declaraciones `assert` simples con las expresiones estándar de Python que necesites revisar (otra vez, estándar de `pytest`).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip | Consejo

Nota que las funciones de prueba son `def` normales, no `async def`.

Y las llamadas al cliente también son llamadas normales, sin usar `await`.

Используйте объект `TestClient` так же, как Вы используете `httpx`.

Напишите простое утверждение с `assert` дабы проверить истинность Python-выражения (это тоже стандарт `pytest`).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip | Подсказка

Обратите внимание, что тестирующая функция является обычной `def`, а не асинхронной `async def`.

И вызов клиента также осуществляется без `await`.

The same way, you can declare responses of lists of objects.

For that, use the standard Python `typing.List` (or just `list` in Python 3.9 and above):

{* ../../docs_src/extra_models/tutorial004_py39.py hl[18] *}

## Response with arbitrary `dict` { #response-with-arbitrary-dict }

Use o objeto `TestClient` da mesma forma que você faz com `httpx`.

Escreva instruções `assert` simples com as expressões Python padrão que você precisa verificar (novamente, `pytest` padrão).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip | Dica

Observe que as funções de teste são `def` normais, não `async def`.

E as chamadas para o cliente também são chamadas normais, não usando `await`.

//// tab | Pydantic v2

{* ../../docs_src/settings/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,5:8,11] *}

////

//// tab | Pydantic v1

/// info | Información

En Pydantic v1 importarías `BaseSettings` directamente desde `pydantic` en lugar de desde `pydantic_settings`.

///

<img src="/img/tutorial/websockets/image05.png">

## 연결 해제 및 다중 클라이언트 처리

WebSocket 연결이 닫히면, `await websocket.receive_text()`가 `WebSocketDisconnect` 예외를 발생시킵니다. 이를 잡아 처리할 수 있습니다:

{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial003_py39.py hl[79:81] *}

테스트해보기:

* 여러 브라우저 탭에서 앱을 엽니다.
* 각 탭에서 메시지를 작성합니다.
* 한 탭을 닫아보세요.

`WebSocketDisconnect` 예외가 발생하며, 다른 모든 클라이언트가 다음과 같은 메시지를 수신합니다:

```

* Credentials (Authorization headers, Cookies, etc).
* Specific HTTP methods (`POST`, `PUT`) or all of them with the wildcard `"*"`.
* Specific HTTP headers or all of them with the wildcard `"*"`.

{* ../../docs_src/cors/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,6:11,13:19] *}

Schreiben Sie einfache `assert`-Anweisungen mit den Standard-Python-Ausdrücken, die Sie überprüfen müssen (wiederum, Standard-`pytest`).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip | Tipp

Beachten Sie, dass die Testfunktionen normal `def` und nicht `async def` sind.

Und die Anrufe an den Client sind ebenfalls normale Anrufe, die nicht `await` verwenden.

Use the `TestClient` object the same way as you do with `httpx`.

Write simple `assert` statements with the standard Python expressions that you need to check (again, standard `pytest`).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip

Notice that the testing functions are normal `def`, not `async def`.

And the calls to the client are also normal calls, not using `await`.

from unittest.mock import patch

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="mod",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial004_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial004_py310", marks=needs_py310),
        pytest.param("tutorial004_an_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial004_an_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)