from typing import Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Optional[str] = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
def create_item(item: Item):
    return item


@app.get("/items/")
def read_items() -> list[Item]:
    return [
        Item(
            name="Portal Gun",

<img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/tutorial/response-model/image02.png">

## 响应模型编码参数

你的响应模型可以具有默认值，例如：

{* ../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial004.py hl[11,13:14] *}

* `description: Union[str, None] = None` 具有默认值 `None`。
* `tax: float = 10.5` 具有默认值 `10.5`.
* `tags: List[str] = []` 具有一个空列表作为默认值： `[]`.

但如果它们并没有存储实际的值，你可能想从结果中忽略它们的默认值。

举个例子，当你在 NoSQL 数据库中保存了具有许多可选属性的模型，但你又不想发送充满默认值的很长的 JSON 响应。

def get_client():
    app = FastAPI()
    with pytest.warns(FastAPIDeprecationWarning):

        @app.post("/items/")
        async def read_items(
            q: Annotated[str | None, Form(regex="^fixedquery$")] = None,
        ):
            if q:
                return f"Hello {q}"
            else:
                return "Hello World"

    client = TestClient(app)
    return client


@needs_py310

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):

le dice a SQLModel que `id` es la **clave primaria** en la base de datos SQL (puedes aprender más sobre claves primarias de SQL en la documentación de SQLModel).

    Nota: Usamos `int | None` para el campo de clave primaria para que en el código Python podamos *crear un objeto sin un `id`* (`id=None`), asumiendo que la base de datos lo *generará al guardar*. SQLModel entiende que la base de datos proporcionará el `id` y *define la columna como un `INTEGER` no nulo* en el esquema de la base...

        override fun callFailed(
          call: Call,
          ioe: IOException,
        ) = TODO()

        override fun canceled(call: Call) = TODO()
      }
    val none: EventListener = EventListener.NONE
  }

  @Test
  fun eventListenerBuilder() {
    var builder: EventListener.Factory = EventListener.Factory { TODO() }
  }

  @Test
  fun formBody() {

    /**
     * Gets the currently active session.
     *
     * @return The currently active session or {@code null} if none.
     */
    MavenSession getSession();

    /**
     * Gets the currently active repository session.
     *
     * @return The currently active repository session or {@code null} if none.
     */
    RepositorySystemSession getRepositorySession();

    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "name": "Foo",
        "price": 42,
        "description": None,
        "tax": None,
        "tags": [],
    }


def test_openapi_schema(client: TestClient):
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {

def say_hi(name: str | None):

    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the current thread's {@link UrlQueue} instance.
     *
     * @return the {@link UrlQueue} instance associated with the current thread, or {@code null} if none is set.
     */
    public static UrlQueue<?> getUrlQueue() {
        return URL_QUEUE_THREAD_LOCAL.get();
    }

    /**
     * Sets the URL queue for the current thread. If the provided URL queue is null,