import com.google.common.base.VerifyException;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

import com.google.common.base.VerifyException;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.errorprone.annotations.CanIgnoreReturnValue;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

 *
 * <p>When wrapping an {@code Error} from another thread, prefer {@link ExecutionError}. When
 * wrapping a checked exception, prefer {@code ExecutionException}.
 *
 * @author Charles Fry
 * @since 10.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public class UncheckedExecutionException extends RuntimeException {
  /*
   * Ideally, this class would have exposed only constructors that require a non-null cause. See

/// tip

All this might not seem as useful with these simple examples.

But you will see how useful it is in the chapters about **security**.

And you will also see the amounts of code it will save you.

To see all the options you have, checkout <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic's Type Overview</a>. You will see some examples in the next chapter.

For example, as in the `Image` model we have a `url` field, we can declare it to be an instance of Pydantic's `HttpUrl` instead of a `str`:

{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial005_py310.py hl[2,8] *}

if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal

set DIRNAME=%~dp0
if "%DIRNAME%"=="" set DIRNAME=.
@rem This is normally unused
set APP_BASE_NAME=%~n0
set APP_HOME=%DIRNAME%

@rem Resolve any "." and ".." in APP_HOME to make it shorter.
for %%i in ("%APP_HOME%") do set APP_HOME=%%~fi

@rem Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
set DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS="-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"

  }

  // Helper to assert common expected behaviour of uri escapers.
  static void assertBasicUrlEscaper(UnicodeEscaper e) {
    assertBasicUrlEscaperExceptPercent(e);
    // The escape character must always be escaped
    assertEscaping(e, "%25", '%');
  }

  static void assertPathEscaper(UnicodeEscaper e) {
    assertBasicUrlEscaper(e);

    assertUnescaped(e, '!');
    assertUnescaped(e, '\'');

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * Single-threaded benchmark for {@link LoadingCache}.
 *
 * @author Charles Fry
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class LoadingCacheSingleThreadBenchmark {
  @Param({"1000", "2000"})
  int maximumSize;

  @Param("5000")
  int distinctKeys;

  @Param("4")
  int segments;

        assertFalse(registration.isExpired(60000));

        // Wait a bit to ensure some time has passed
        Thread.sleep(50);
        // Should be expired with very short timeout (shorter than sleep time)
        assertTrue(registration.isExpired(10));
    }

    @Test
    void testStateTransitions() {
        assertEquals(WitnessRegistrationState.REGISTERING, registration.getState());

  public void testTryParseAllCodePoints() {
    // Exercise non-ASCII digit test cases and the like.
    char[] tmp = new char[2];
    for (int i = Character.MIN_CODE_POINT; i < Character.MAX_CODE_POINT; i++) {
      Character.toChars(i, tmp, 0);
      checkTryParse(String.copyValueOf(tmp, 0, Character.charCount(i)));
    }
  }

  @GwtIncompatible // Doubles.tryParse
  public void testTryParseOfToStringIsOriginal() {