通过创建仅专用于与数据库交互（获取用户或项目）的函数，独立于*路径操作函数*，您可以更轻松地在多个部分中重用它们，并为它们添加单元测试。

///

### 创建数据

现在创建工具函数来创建数据。

它的步骤是：

* 使用您的数据创建一个 SQLAlchemy 模型*实例。*
* 使用`add`来将该实例对象添加到数据库会话。
* 使用`commit`来将更改提交到数据库（以便保存它们）。
* 使用`refresh`来刷新您的实例对象（以便它包含来自数据库的任何新数据，例如生成的 ID）。

```Python hl_lines="18-24  31-36"
{!../../docs_src/sql_databases/sql_app/crud.py!}
```

/// tip

```

... et voyez comment votre éditeur complétera automatiquement les attributs et connaîtra leurs types :

![compatibilité IDE](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/vscode-completion.png)

Pour un exemple plus complet comprenant plus de fonctionnalités, voir le <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fr/tutorial/">Tutoriel - Guide utilisateur</a>.

**Spoiler alert** : le tutoriel - guide utilisateur inclut :

## Software Metrics

| Name                          | Description                            |
|:------------------------------|:---------------------------------------|
| `minio_software_commit_info`  | Git commit hash for the MinIO release. |
| `minio_software_version_info` | MinIO Release tag for the server.      |

## Drive Metrics

from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union

from fastapi import params
from fastapi._compat import Undefined
from fastapi.openapi.models import Example
from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc, deprecated

_Unset: Any = Undefined


def Path(  # noqa: N802
    default: Annotated[
        Any,
        Doc(
            """
            Default value if the parameter field is not set.

  }

  private static final class DecreasingCount implements Comparator<Entry<?>> {
    static final Comparator<Entry<?>> INSTANCE = new DecreasingCount();

    @Override
    public int compare(Entry<?> entry1, Entry<?> entry2) {
      return entry2.getCount() - entry1.getCount(); // subtracting two nonnegative integers
    }
  }

  /**

  }

  private static final class DecreasingCount implements Comparator<Entry<?>> {
    static final Comparator<Entry<?>> INSTANCE = new DecreasingCount();

    @Override
    public int compare(Entry<?> entry1, Entry<?> entry2) {
      return entry2.getCount() - entry1.getCount(); // subtracting two nonnegative integers
    }
  }

  /**

		},
		{
			name:       "compare-mixed",
			query:      `SELECT id from s3object s WHERE value = true`,
			wantResult: `{"id":1}`,
			withJSON: `{"id":0, "value": false}
{"id":1, "value": true}
{"id":2, "value": 42}
{"id":3, "value": "true"}
`,
		},
		{
			name:       "compare-mixed-not",
			query:      `SELECT COUNT(id) as n from s3object s WHERE value != true`,

# Alternativas, Inspiração e Comparações

O que inspirou o **FastAPI**, como ele se compara às alternativas e o que FastAPI aprendeu delas.

## Introdução

**FastAPI** não poderia existir se não fosse pelos trabalhos anteriores de outras pessoas.

Houveram tantas ferramentas criadas que ajudaram a inspirar sua criação.

    depends on JUnit, though it continues to work with all testing frameworks.
 *  Fix: `FormEncodingBuilder` is now consistent with browsers in which
    characters it escapes. Previously we weren’t percent-encoding commas,
    parens, and other characters.
 *  Fix: Relax `FormEncodingBuilder` to support building empty forms.
 *  Fix: Timeouts throw `SocketTimeoutException`, not `InterruptedIOException`.

Check more details in the [Deployment](deployment/index.md){.internal-link target=_blank} section.

///

## Benchmarks and speed