MinIO needs a persistent volume to store configuration and application data. For testing purposes, you can launch MinIO by simply passing a directory (`/data` in the example below). This directory gets created in the container filesystem at the time of container start. But all the data is lost after container exits.

```sh
docker run \
  -p 9000:9000 \
  -p 9001:9001 \

 *     <li>{@code maven-plugin}: Packages the project as a Maven plugin.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <h2>Usage Example</h2>
 *
 * <pre>
 * {@code
 * Session session = ... // Obtain a Maven session
 * Packaging packaging = session.requirePackaging("jar");
 * System.out.println(packaging.getId()); // Outputs "jar"
 * }
 * </pre>

 * default, no recursion is done for type arguments or type bounds. But subclasses can opt to do
 * recursion by calling {@link #visit} for any {@code Type} while visitation is in progress. For
 * example, this can be used to reject wildcards or type variables contained in a type as in:
 *
 * {@snippet :
 * new TypeVisitor() {
 *   protected void visitParameterizedType(ParameterizedType t) {
 *     visit(t.getOwnerType());

 * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorator_pattern">decorator pattern</a>.
 *
 * <p><b>Warning:</b> The methods of {@code ForwardingSortedMap} forward <i>indiscriminately</i> to
 * the methods of the delegate. For example, overriding {@link #put} alone <i>will not</i> change
 * the behavior of {@link #putAll}, which can lead to unexpected behavior. In this case, you should

`TestClient` 在內部做了一些魔法，讓我們能在一般的 `def` 測試函式中，使用標準 pytest 來呼叫非同步的 FastAPI 應用。但當我們在非同步函式中使用它時，這個魔法就不再奏效了。也就是說，當以非同步方式執行測試時，就不能在測試函式內使用 `TestClient`。

`TestClient` 是建立在 [HTTPX](https://www.python-httpx.org) 之上，所幸我們可以直接使用它來測試 API。

## 範例 { #example }

作為簡單範例，讓我們考慮與[更大型的應用](../tutorial/bigger-applications.md)與[測試](../tutorial/testing.md)中描述的類似檔案結構：

```
.
├── app
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── main.py
│   └── test_main.py
```

檔案 `main.py` 會是：

    return result
  }

  /** A hostname pattern and certificate hash for Certificate Pinning. */
  class Pin(
    pattern: String,
    pin: String,
  ) {
    /** A hostname like `example.com` or a pattern like `*.example.com` (canonical form). */
    val pattern: String

    /** Either `sha1` or `sha256`. */
    val hashAlgorithm: String

    /** The hash of the pinned certificate using [hashAlgorithm]. */

System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free
programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but
which are not part of the work.  For example, Corresponding Source
includes interface definition files associated with source files for
the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically
linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require,

import java.util.Arrays;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Abstract implementation of {@link InvocationHandler} that handles {@link Object#equals}, {@link
 * Object#hashCode} and {@link Object#toString}. For example:
 *
 * <pre>
 * class Unsupported extends AbstractInvocationHandler {
 *   protected Object handleInvocation(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) {
 *     throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
 *   }
 * }

   * the order of a breadth-first traversal. That is, all the nodes of depth 0 are returned, then
   * depth 1, then 2, and so on.
   *
   * <p><b>Example:</b> The following graph with {@code startNode} {@code a} would return nodes in
   * the order {@code abcdef} (assuming successors are returned in alphabetical order).
   *
   * {@snippet :
   * b ---- a ---- d

        display = ParameterDisplay.PROMPT,
        allowEmpty = false,
        description =
            "Command line option for the performance test task to enable profiling. " +
                "For example `async-profiler`, `async-profiler-heap`, `async-profiler-wall`, `async-profiler-all` or `jfr`. Use `none` for benchmarking only.",
    )
}

object AdHocPerformanceScenarioLinux : AdHocPerformanceScenario(Os.LINUX)