////

В данном примере она преобразует Pydantic модель в `dict`, а `datetime` - в `str`.

Результатом её вызова является объект, который может быть закодирован с помощью функции из стандартной библиотеки Python – <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#json.dumps" class="external-link" target="_blank">`json.dumps()`</a>.

    def disconnect(self, websocket: WebSocket):
        self.active_connections.remove(websocket)

    async def send_personal_message(self, message: str, websocket: WebSocket):
        await websocket.send_text(message)

    async def broadcast(self, message: str):
        for connection in self.active_connections:
            await connection.send_text(message)


manager = ConnectionManager()


@app.get("/")

                  $liEle = $("<li/>");
                  $liEle.html(str);
                  $liEle.click(function() {
                    var str = $(this).html();
                    suggestor.fixList();
                    $textArea.val(str);
                    if (typeof $settingSearchForm !== "undefined") {
                      $settingSearchForm.submit();

### 添加类型

让我们来修改上面例子的一行代码。

我们将把下面这段代码中的函数参数从：

```Python
    first_name, last_name
```

改成：

```Python
    first_name: str, last_name: str
```

就是这样。

这些就是"类型提示"：

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial002.py!}
```

这和声明默认值是不同的，例如：

```Python
    first_name="john", last_name="doe"
```

from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")

from fastapi import Header, HTTPException


async def get_token_header(x_token: str = Header()):
    if x_token != "fake-super-secret-token":
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Token header invalid")


async def get_query_token(token: str):
    if token != "jessica":

from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item = Body(embed=True)):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}

///

## ⚫️❔ ⚫️ 🔨

⚫️ 🔜 🚶 & 👀 📨 👈 `Authorization` 🎚, ✅ 🚥 💲 `Bearer ` ➕ 🤝, & 🔜 📨 🤝 `str`.

🚥 ⚫️ 🚫 👀 `Authorization` 🎚, ⚖️ 💲 🚫 ✔️ `Bearer ` 🤝, ⚫️ 🔜 📨 ⏮️ 4️⃣0️⃣1️⃣ 👔 📟 ❌ (`UNAUTHORIZED`) 🔗.

👆 🚫 ✔️ ✅ 🚥 🤝 🔀 📨 ❌. 👆 💪 💭 👈 🚥 👆 🔢 🛠️, ⚫️ 🔜 ✔️ `str` 👈 🤝.

👆 💪 🔄 ⚫️ ⏪ 🎓 🩺:

<img src="/img/tutorial/security/image03.png">

👥 🚫 ✔ 🔬 🤝, ✋️ 👈 ▶️ ⏪.

from fastapi import Header, HTTPException
from typing_extensions import Annotated


async def get_token_header(x_token: Annotated[str, Header()]):
    if x_token != "fake-super-secret-token":
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Token header invalid")


async def get_query_token(token: str):
    if token != "jessica":

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Header, HTTPException


async def get_token_header(x_token: Annotated[str, Header()]):
    if x_token != "fake-super-secret-token":
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="X-Token header invalid")


async def get_query_token(token: str):
    if token != "jessica":