if (spinCount > MAX_BUSY_WAIT_SPINS) {
        /*
         * If we have spun a lot, just park ourselves. This will save CPU while we wait for a slow
         * interrupting thread. In theory, interruptTask() should be very fast, but due to
         * InterruptibleChannel and JavaLangAccess.blockedOn(Thread, Interruptible), it isn't
         * predictable what work might be done. (e.g., close a file and flush buffers to disk). To

    }
    this.safeMin = safeMin;
    this.safeMax = safeMax;

    // This is a bit of a hack but lets us do quicker per-character checks in
    // the fast path code. The safe min/max values are very unlikely to extend
    // into the range of surrogate characters, but if they do we must not test
    // any values in that range. To see why, consider the case where:
    // safeMin <= {hi,lo} <= safeMax

- For raw block CSI volumes on Kubernetes, kubelet was incorrectly calling CSI NodeStageVolume for every single "map" (i.e. raw block "mount") operation for a volume already attached to the node. This PR ensures it is only called once per volume per node. ([#112403](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/112403), [@akankshakumari393](https://g...

It is based on <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a>, which in turn is designed based on Requests, so it's very familiar and intuitive.

With it, you can use <a href="https://docs.pytest.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">pytest</a> directly with **FastAPI**.

## Using `TestClient`

/// info

      return new WrappedCallable<T>(callable);
    }

    @Override
    protected Runnable wrapTask(Runnable command) {
      return new WrappedRunnable(command);
    }
  }

  // TODO: If this test can ever depend on Mockito or the like, use it instead.
  private static final class MockExecutor implements ExecutorService {
    private String lastMethodCalled = "";
    private long lastTimeoutInMillis = -1;

But this guide shows you, more or less, how they are intended to be used.

///

### Using Pydantic's `exclude_unset` parameter

If you want to receive partial updates, it's very useful to use the parameter `exclude_unset` in Pydantic's model's `.model_dump()`.

Like `item.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)`.

/// info

      }
    }
  }

  private fun ensureAllTaskQueuesIdle() {
    val entryTime = System.nanoTime()

    for (queue in TaskRunner.INSTANCE.activeQueues()) {
      // We wait at most 1 second, so we don't ever turn multiple lost threads into
      // a test timeout failure.
      val waitTime = (entryTime + 1_000_000_000L - System.nanoTime())
      if (!queue.idleLatch().await(waitTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)) {

  /** Though this executor service may hold many threads, they are not executed concurrently. */
  private val tasksExecutor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(threadFactory("TaskFaker"))

  /**
   * True if this task faker has ever had multiple tasks scheduled to run concurrently. Guarded by
   * [TaskRunner.lock].
   */
  var isParallel = false

  /** Number of calls to [TaskRunner.Backend.execute]. Guarded by [TaskRunner.lock]. */

import java.util.logging.Level;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;

/**
 * Executor ensuring that all Runnables submitted are executed in order, using the provided
 * Executor, and sequentially such that no two will ever be running at the same time.
 *
 * <p>Tasks submitted to {@link #execute(Runnable)} are executed in FIFO order.
 *
 * <p>The execution of tasks is done by one thread as long as there are tasks left in the queue.

You can also read more about them in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable" class="external-link" target="_blank">Wikipedia for Environment Variable</a>.

In many cases it's not very obvious how environment variables would be useful and applicable right away. But they keep showing up in many different scenarios when you are developing, so it's good to know about them.