package com.google.common.annotations;

/**
 * Annotates a program element that exists, or is more widely visible than otherwise necessary, only
 * for use in test code.
 *
 * <p><b>Do not use this interface</b> for public or protected declarations: it is a fig leaf for
 * bad design, and it does not prevent anyone from using the declaration---and experience has shown
 * that they will. If the method breaks the encapsulation of its class, then its internal

When adding links which point to resources within git repositories, like
KEPs or supporting documentation, please reference a specific commit and avoid
linking directly to the master branch. This ensures that links reference a
specific point in time, rather than a document that may change over time.

See here for guidance on getting permanent links to files: https://help.github.com/en/articles/getting-permanent-links-to-files

    /**
     * Test constructor with malformed data (too short).
     */
    @Test
    void testConstructorMalformedData() {
        // Prepare data (only 2 bytes, less than an int)
        byte[] data = new byte[] { 0x01, 0x02 };

        // Verify that PACDecodingException is thrown
        assertThrows(PACDecodingException.class, () -> {
            new PacSignature(data);
        });
    }

    /**

 * All tests are pure unit tests – no network or file system access is
 * required.
 */
class Trans2QueryFSInformationTest {

    /** Small helper to create a byte buffer larger than the maximum expected
     *  wire format so that we can observe only the bytes written by a method.
     */
    private static byte[] newBuffer(int length) {
        // initialise with distinct pattern to detect unused trailing bytes

/**
 * This class contains static utility methods that operate on or return objects of type {@link
 * Iterator}. Except as noted, each method has a corresponding {@link Iterable}-based method in the
 * {@link Iterables} class.
 *
 * <p><i>Performance notes:</i> Unless otherwise noted, all of the iterators produced in this class
 * are <i>lazy</i>, which means that they only advance the backing iteration when absolutely
 * necessary.
 *

But you can also declare multiple body parameters, e.g. `item` and `user`:

{* ../../docs_src/body_multiple_params/tutorial002_py310.py hl[20] *}


In this case, **FastAPI** will notice that there is more than one body parameter in the function (there are two parameters that are Pydantic models).

So, it will then use the parameter names as keys (field names) in the body, and expect a body like:

```JSON
{
    "item": {
        "name": "Foo",

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;

/**
 * An {@link OutputStream} that maintains a hash of the data written to it.
 *
 * @author Zoe Piepmeier
 * @since 16.0
 */
@Beta
public final class HashingOutputStream extends FilterOutputStream {
  private final Hasher hasher;

  /**
   * Creates an output stream that hashes using the given {@link HashFunction}, and forwards all

        return true;
      }
      if (object instanceof BooleanArrayAsList) {
        BooleanArrayAsList that = (BooleanArrayAsList) object;
        int size = size();
        if (that.size() != size) {
          return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
          if (array[start + i] != that.array[that.start + i]) {
            return false;
          }
        }
        return true;
      }

        return true;
      }
      if (object instanceof BooleanArrayAsList) {
        BooleanArrayAsList that = (BooleanArrayAsList) object;
        int size = size();
        if (that.size() != size) {
          return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
          if (array[start + i] != that.array[that.start + i]) {
            return false;
          }
        }
        return true;
      }

This can be very useful for setting up **resources** that you need to use for the whole app, and that are **shared** among requests, and/or that you need to **clean up** afterwards. For example, a database connection pool, or loading a shared machine learning model.

## Use Case { #use-case }

Let's start with an example **use case** and then see how to solve it with this.