{"name": "foo", "price": None, "owner_ids": None},
        {"name": "bar", "price": 1.0, "owner_ids": None},
        {"name": "baz", "price": 2.0, "owner_ids": [1, 2, 3]},

    access_token: str
    token_type: str


class TokenData(BaseModel):
    username: Union[str, None] = None
    scopes: list[str] = []


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


password_hash = PasswordHash.recommended()

)

client = TestClient(app)


def test_function_scope() -> None:
    response = client.get("/function-scope")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    data = response.json()
    assert data["is_open"] is False


def test_request_scope() -> None:
    response = client.get("/request-scope")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    data = response.json()

			content:    "hello",
			partNumber: "1",
			fault:      None,
			accessKey:  credentials.AccessKey,
			secretKey:  credentials.SecretKey,

			expectedAPIError: -1,
		},
		// Case where part number is invalid.
		1: {
			objectName: testObject,
			content:    "hello",
			partNumber: "9999999999999999999",
			fault:      None,
			accessKey:  credentials.AccessKey,

 * transformation:
 *
 * {@snippet :
 * someGraphAlgorithm(startNode, node -> ImmutableList.of(node.leftChild(), node.rightChild()));
 * }
 *
 * <p>Graph algorithms that need additional capabilities (accessing both predecessors and
 * successors, iterating over the edges, etc.) should declare their input to be of a type that
 * provides those capabilities, such as {@link Graph}, {@link ValueGraph}, or {@link Network}.
 *

    assert response.json() == [
        {"aliased_name": "foo", "price": None, "owner_ids": None},
        {"aliased_name": "bar", "price": 1.0, "owner_ids": None},
        {"aliased_name": "baz", "price": 2.0, "owner_ids": [1, 2, 3]},
    ]


def test_validdict():
    response = client.get("/items/validdict")
    response.raise_for_status()
    assert response.json() == {

    name: Optional[str] = None
    call: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
    request_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    websocket_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    http_connection_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    response_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    background_tasks_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    security_scopes_param_name: Optional[str] = None
    own_oauth_scopes: Optional[list[str]] = None

    * `dict`의 값(value)는 `float`타입이다. (각 아이템의 가격(price))

#### `Optional`

`str`과 같이 타입을 선언할 때 `Optional`을 쓸 수도 있는데, "선택적(Optional)"이기때문에 `None`도 될 수 있습니다:

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009.py!}
```

`Optional[str]`을 `str` 대신 쓰게 되면, 특정 값이 실제로는 `None`이 될 수도 있는데 항상 `str`이라고 가정하는 상황에서 에디터가 에러를 찾게 도와줄 수 있습니다.

#### Generic(제네릭) 타입

이 타입은 대괄호 안에 매개변수를 가지며, 종류는:

* `List`

 * from the {@code pathScope} and the injected field type. If the type
 * is {@link org.apache.maven.api.Node Node} and {@code pathScope == ""},
 * then the dependencies will be <i>collected</i>.
 * If the type is {@link org.apache.maven.api.Node Node} or
 * {@code List<}{@link org.apache.maven.api.Node Node}{@code >},
 * and {@code pathScope != ""}, the dependencies will be <i>flattened</i>.

        "required": ["p"],
        "title": body_model_name,
        "type": "object",
    }


@pytest.mark.parametrize("json", [None, {}])
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/required-str", "/model-required-str"],
)
def test_required_str_missing(path: str, json: Union[dict[str, Any], None]):
    client = TestClient(app)
    response = client.post(path, json=json)
    assert response.status_code == 422