* good job of distributing the elements to the buckets to a distribution not far from uniform), and
 * amortized since some operations can trigger a hash table resize.
 *
 * <p>This implementation consumes significantly less memory than {@code java.util.LinkedHashSet} or
 * even {@code java.util.HashSet}, and places considerably less load on the garbage collector. Like

 * good job of distributing the elements to the buckets to a distribution not far from uniform), and
 * amortized since some operations can trigger a hash table resize.
 *
 * <p>This implementation consumes significantly less memory than {@code java.util.LinkedHashSet} or
 * even {@code java.util.HashSet}, and places considerably less load on the garbage collector. Like

   * granted only 100ms ago, then we wait for another 100ms. At this rate, serving 15 fresh permits
   * (i.e. for an acquire(15) request) naturally takes 3 seconds.
   *
   * It is important to realize that such a RateLimiter has a very superficial memory of the past:
   * it only remembers the last request. What if the RateLimiter was unused for a long period of

```Python hl_lines="3  5-6"
{
    "name": "Baz",
    "description": None,
    "price": 50.2,
    "tax": 10.5,
    "tags": []
}
```

FastAPI is smart enough (actually, Pydantic is smart enough) to realize that, even though `description`, `tax`, and `tags` have the same values as the defaults, they were set explicitly (instead of taken from the defaults).

So, they will be included in the JSON response.

/// tip

De la misma manera, hay muchas herramientas compatibles. Incluyendo herramientas de generación de código para muchos lenguajes.

## Pydantic { #pydantic }

Toda la validación de datos se realiza internamente con <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a>, así que obtienes todos los beneficios de esta. Y sabes que estás en buenas manos.

 * function doing a good job of distributing the elements to the buckets to a distribution not far
 * from uniform), and amortized since some operations can trigger a hash table resize.
 *
 * <p>Unlike {@code java.util.HashMap}, iteration is only proportional to the actual {@code size()},
 * which is optimal, and <i>not</i> the size of the internal hashtable, which could be much larger

Ce chapitre n'est qu'un **tutoriel rapide / rappel** sur les annotations de type Python.
Seulement le minimum nécessaire pour les utiliser avec **FastAPI** sera couvert... ce qui est en réalité très peu.

**FastAPI** est totalement basé sur ces annotations de type, qui lui donnent de nombreux avantages.

 * function doing a good job of distributing the elements to the buckets to a distribution not far
 * from uniform), and amortized since some operations can trigger a hash table resize.
 *
 * <p>As compared with {@link java.util.LinkedHashMap}, this structure places significantly reduced
 * load on the garbage collector by only using a constant number of internal objects.
 *

     * fit comfortably within a single ethernet packet (1500 bytes) even with framing overhead.
     *
     * For tests this must be big enough to realize real compression on test messages like
     * 'aaaaaaaaaa...'. Our tests check if compression was applied just by looking at the size if
     * the inbound buffer.
     */
    const val DEFAULT_MINIMUM_DEFLATE_SIZE = 1024L

   * (UNSET).
   */
  @VisibleForTesting transient long[] entries;

  /** The load factor. */
  private transient float loadFactor;

  /** When we have this many elements, resize the hashtable. */
  private transient int threshold;

  /** Constructs a new empty instance of {@code ObjectCountHashMap}. */
  ObjectCountHashMap() {
    init(DEFAULT_SIZE, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
  }