constraints.DecimalMax.message = {item} harus kurang dari {value}.
constraints.DecimalMin.message = {item} harus lebih dari {value}.
constraints.Digits.message = {item} harus berupa angka. (expected: <number>.<number>)
constraints.Future.message = {item} harus berupa nilai masa depan.
constraints.Max.message = {item} harus kurang dari atau sama dengan {value}.
constraints.Min.message = {item} harus lebih dari atau sama dengan {value}.

class HeaderModelRequiredStr(BaseModel):
    p: str


@app.get("/model-required-str")
async def read_model_required_str(p: Annotated[HeaderModelRequiredStr, Header()]):
    return {"p": p.p}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/required-str", "/model-required-str"],
)
def test_required_str_schema(path: str):
    assert app.openapi()["paths"][path]["get"]["parameters"] == [
        {

    }


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    [
        "/optional-list-bytes",
        "/optional-list-uploadfile",
    ],
)
def test_optional_list_missing(path: str):
    client = TestClient(app)
    response = client.post(path)
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"file_size": None}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    [

            },
        ],
    }


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-list-str", "/model-optional-list-str"],
)
def test_optional_list_str_missing_empty_dict(path: str):
    client = TestClient(app)
    response = client.post(path, json={})
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"p": None}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",

Arme Cookie-Banner, wie sie sich mühen, Ihre Einwilligung zu erhalten, dass die <abbr title="Das ist ein weiterer Scherz. Beachten Sie mich nicht. Trinken Sie einen Kaffee zu Ihrem Keks. ☕">API sie ablehnen darf</abbr>. 🍪

            // FileInputStream does not support mark/reset
            assertFalse(stream.markSupported());

            assertEquals('A', stream.read());
            assertEquals('B', stream.read());

            // Mark is not supported, so calling mark has no effect
            stream.mark(10);

            assertEquals('C', stream.read());

        "type": "object",
    }


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-list-str", "/model-optional-list-str"],
)
def test_optional_list_str_missing(path: str):
    client = TestClient(app)
    response = client.post(path)
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"p": None}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",

        scanner.next();
        scanner.mark();
        scanner.find(';');
        String value = ENTITIES.get(scanner.region().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT));
        buffer.append(value);
        scanner.next();
    }

    private void parseHtmlEncodedChar(StringBuilder buffer) {
        scanner.next(2);
        scanner.mark();
        scanner.find(';');

Te contaré un poquito más sobre estos **conceptos** aquí, y eso, con suerte, te dará la **intuición** que necesitarías para decidir cómo implementar tu API en diferentes entornos, posiblemente incluso en aquellos **futuros** que aún no existen.

Al considerar estos conceptos, podrás **evaluar y diseñar** la mejor manera de implementar **tus propias APIs**.

En los próximos capítulos, te daré más **recetas concretas** para implementar aplicaciones de FastAPI.

import sys

import pytest

needs_py39 = pytest.mark.skipif(sys.version_info < (3, 9), reason="requires python3.9+")
needs_py310 = pytest.mark.skipif(
    sys.version_info < (3, 10), reason="requires python3.10+"
)
needs_py_lt_314 = pytest.mark.skipif(
    sys.version_info >= (3, 14), reason="requires python3.13-"
)


def skip_module_if_py_gte_314():
    """Skip entire module on Python 3.14+ at import time."""