url = "/items/?q=foo&q=bar"
    response = client.get(url)
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"q": ["foo", "bar"]}


def test_query_no_values(client: TestClient):
    url = "/items/"
    response = client.get(url)
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"q": []}


def test_openapi_schema(client: TestClient):

        response = client.get("/a")
    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Hello A"}
    assert response.headers["content-type"] == orjson_type


def test_router_a_override():
    with client:
        response = client.get("/a/override")
    assert response.content == b"Hello A"
    assert response.headers["content-type"] == text_type


def test_router_a_a():
    with client:
        response = client.get("/a/a")

In diesen Fällen können Sie einen `Response`-Parameter verwenden.

## Einen `Response`-Parameter verwenden { #use-a-response-parameter }

Sie können einen Parameter vom Typ `Response` in Ihrer *Pfadoperation-Funktion* deklarieren (wie Sie es auch für Cookies und Header tun können).

При этом вы всё ещё хотите иметь возможность фильтровать и преобразовывать возвращаемые данные с помощью `response_model`.

Для таких случаев вы можете использовать параметр `Response`.

## Использование параметра `Response` { #use-a-response-parameter }

Вы можете объявить параметр типа `Response` в вашей *функции обработки пути* (как и для cookies и HTTP-заголовков).

И затем вы можете установить `status_code` в этом *временном* объекте ответа.

client = TestClient(app)


def test_read_admin():
    response = client.get("/admin", headers={"Authorization": "Bearer faketoken"})
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"message": "Admin Access"}


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == snapshot(
        {

/// warning | 경고

위의 예제처럼 `Response`를 직접 반환하면 바로 반환됩니다.

모델 등과 함께 직렬화되지 않습니다.

원하는 데이터가 있는지, 값이 유효한 JSON인지 확인합니다(`JSONResponse`를 사용하는 경우).

///

/// note | 기술적 세부 정보

`from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`를 사용할 수도 있습니다.

**FastAPI**는 개발자 여러분을 위한 편의성으로 `fastapi.responses`와 동일한 `starlette.responses`를 제공합니다. 그러나 사용 가능한 응답의 대부분은 Starlette에서 직접 제공됩니다. `status` 또한 마찬가지입니다.

///

    response = client.get("/items/")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {"items": [{"item_id": "Foo"}, {"item_id": "Bar"}]}


def test_query_params_str_validations_q_empty_str(client: TestClient):
    response = client.get("/items/", params={"q": ""})
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {"items": [{"item_id": "Foo"}, {"item_id": "Bar"}]}

client = TestClient(app)


def test_multi_query():
    response = client.get("/items/?q=5&q=6")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"q": [5, 6]}


def test_multi_query_incorrect():
    response = client.get("/items/?q=five&q=six")
    assert response.status_code == 422, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "detail": [
            {

async def read_users(user_id: int):
    pass


client = TestClient(app)


def test_read_users():
    response = client.get("/users/42")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    data = response.json()
    assert data == {
        "openapi": "3.1.0",
        "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * @see jcifs.util.transport.Response#setExpiration(java.lang.Long)
     */
    @Override
    public void setExpiration(final Long exp) {
        this.expiration = exp;
    }

    /**
     * Checks whether the asynchronous interim response has been handled.
     *
     * @return whether the interim response has been handled
     */
    public boolean isAsyncHandled() {